從當代土耳其政教關係的轉變探討伊斯蘭政黨的崛起

Abstract

全球五十餘個以穆斯林為主體的國家或政治實體之中，土耳其為少數建立不以伊斯蘭為國教的世俗主義民主政體，其政權輪替大多能透過和平的民主程序完成，實為穆斯林國家的特例，乃是探討伊斯蘭模式的民主政治最佳個案。本文三節分別探討從鄂圖曼帝國至凱末爾共和革命的歷史、族群與宗教脈絡；二戰之後至1990年代為止的政黨政治發展趨勢，特別聚焦於擁護伊斯蘭傳統的政黨崛起的國內與國際因素；以及主要伊斯蘭政黨－「正義與發展黨」，取得執政權迄今朝野雙方的政治攻防，以便說明何以由凱末爾主導建立的激進世俗主義憲政制度，經歷半世紀的政黨政治運作，卻在二千年之後出現伊斯蘭政黨的連續執政。本文結論則透過與其他穆斯林國家的對比，強調土耳其相對穩定的民主憲政運作，實有其獨特的歷史文化與地緣政治因素，包括：歐亞橋梁之地理位置、未曾被西方列強所殖民等先決條件，所以更能採取與本土社經文化條件相適應的政治制度與運作模式。

Turkey provides an excellent case to consider the Islamic model of democracy. This article is divided into the following three sections, the first exploring the historical, ethnic and religious contexts of the Ottoman empire and the Kemalist republican revolution; the second focusing on the development of the party politics from the end of World War II to the 1990s, and specifying the domestic and international factors to the rise of the pro-Islamic parties; the last examining the political struggle between the Erdoğan-led government and the opposition forces since the pro-Islamic AKP`s takeover in 2002. This study aims at explaining how the AKP government maintains majority rule for consecutive five terms after the fifty-year party politics under the radical secularist constitutional system founded by Kemal Atatürk and his followers. In contrast to other Muslim countries, Turkey`s relatively stable democratic rule is based up her unique cultural-historical legacy, geopolitical advantage as the Asia-Europe bridge, and longtime independent status without colonial rule. The Turkish people have been capable of deciding their own institution and operating model suitable for their social and cultural conditions.