異國文化與現代性體驗：晚清文學的跨界旅行

Abstract

本論文「異國文化與現代性體驗：晚清的跨界旅行文學」，共分為五章十七節。第一章「緒論」，含研究動機與研究方法、研究範圍與論文結構、文獻回顧與探討等。第二章「東瀛行旅：見證日本的轉型崛起」：以晚清派駐考察國外的使臣隨員、失勢流亡海外的民間士人，及其旅行文本為考察對象。第一節，旅行者介紹：生平、旅行及其旅行書寫。第二節，見證日本幕府末期被迫開國的歷史現場，實錄民情風俗和政治教化等文化風景。第三節，觀察日本明治時代的舊俗與新政，反思清國旅人自我及國族命運。第四節，考察旅日書寫中的文化符碼：徐福、朱舜水，不僅成為晚清旅人對於中日民族「同文同種」的共同體想像，也成為日本當權者編修國族歷史和集體記憶，建構新日本帝國想像的操作對象。第三章「航向歐美：體驗列強的現代性展演」：第一節，旅行者介紹：生平、旅行及其旅行書寫。第二節，前進列強首都，體驗西方現代文明的里程碑也是展演帝國威權力量的舞臺。第三節，考察帝國的政教空間，既是銘刻帝國權力和國族記憶的最佳地點，也是展現帝國精神文化的規訓場所。神聖與紀念的空間地景，如英國議會、美國革命發祥地波士頓等；理性與馴化的空間地景，如監獄、學校、蠟像館、博物館、博覽會等。第四節，進入資本主義的消費天堂，體驗西方先進城市生活與物質文化。交通運輸與通訊設施如火車、輪船、郵務及電報系統等，以及西人日常生活的飲食起居與身體文化、娛樂與休閒文化等。第四章「想像新中國：晚清的跨界旅行小說」：以「想像新中國」為核心，採擇六種想像未來新中國的跨界旅行小說，按主題內容進行書寫特色的分析。第一節，「預見新中國：《新中國未來記》與《新中國》」，是小說家寄理想於新中國盛世的國族想像；第二節，「再造新桃花源：《新石頭記》與《女媧石》」，是寄理想於現代桃花源的國族想像；第三節，「開拓殖民樂園：《月球殖民地小說》與《癡人說夢記》」，則是寄理想於海外樂園、月球殖民地的國族想像。「第五章 結論」：綰合晚清跨界旅行文學中的遊記與小說的研究發現歸納如下。第一節，「創作主體的考察：著述背景與創作意識」，歸納分析作者的身分背景、知識結構，以及創作動機與創作主張。第二節，「主題意涵的闡發：異國文化與、現代性」，闡述晚清跨界旅行文學的核心主題，呈現旅行對於個人或集體的意義與影響。第三節，「表現形式的突破：晚清跨界旅行文學的特色」：從文體、結構和敘事模式等方面，對照傳統遊記和小說以彰顯特色。最後，總結本論文的研究發現與侷限。

This thesis, “Exotic Culture and Modernity Experience: Cross-border Travel Literature in the Late Qing Dynasty”, has five chapters and divided into seventeen sections. Chapter 1 “Introduction”, includes research motivation and research methods, research scope and thesis structure, literature review and discussion and the others. Chapter 2 “Traveling in the East: Witnessing Japan`s Transformation and Rise”: The subjects of the study are the envoys and entourages sent by the late Qing Dynasty to study abroad, the civil scholars who lost their power and exiled overseas, and their travel texts. The first section in this chapter is “Introduction to Travelers” which included their Biography, Travel and Travel Writing. The second section is witnesses the historical scene where Japan was forced to found the country at the end of the shogunate, and records the cultural scenery such as folk customs and political education. In the third section, observe the old customs and new policies of Japan`s Meiji era, and reflect on the self and national destiny of travelers in the Qing Dynasty. The fourth section examines the cultural codes in Japanese writing: Xu Fu and Zhu Shun Shui, not only became the community imagination of the Chinese and Japanese peoples in the late Qing Dynasty, but also became the Japanese authorities compiling national history and collective memory, constructing new operating object of the Japanese Empire`s imagination. Chapter 3 is “Navigating to Europe and America: Experiencing the Modernity of the Great Powers”. The first section, Introduction to Travelers: Life, Travel and Travel Writing”. In the second section, advancing to the capitals of the great powers and experiencing the milestones of modern Western civilization is also a stage for displaying the mighty power of the empire. The third section examines the political and religious space of the empire, which is not only the best place to engrave imperial power and national memory, but also a disciplined place to show the imperial spiritual culture. Sacred and commemorative spatial landscapes, such as the British Parliament, Boston, the birthplace of the American Revolution and the others, rational and domesticated spatial landscapes, such as prisons, schools, wax museums, museums, expositions and the others. In the fourth section, enter the consumer paradise of capitalism and experience the life and material culture of advanced western cities. Transportation and communication facilities such as trains, ships, postal and telegraph systems and the others as well as the daily diet and physical culture, entertainment and leisure culture of Westerners. Chapter 4 “Imagine New China: Cross-border Travel Fiction in the Late Qing Dynasty”: Focus on “Imagine New China”, six kinds of cross-border travel novels that imagine the new China in the future are selected, and the writing characteristics are analyzed according to the theme content. The first section, “Foreseeing the New China: ‘The Future of New China’ and ‘New China’”, is the national imagination of the novelist in the prosperous age of the new China. The second section “Recreate a new peach blossom garden: ‘New Stone’ and ‘The Stone of Nuwa’” , It is the national imagination of novelists who pin their ideals on the prosperity of new China. The third section, “Exploiting a Colonial Paradise: ‘The Novel of the Moon Colony’ and ‘Idiot Talks Dreams’”, the national imagination of novelists who pin their ideals on the overseas paradise and moon colony. Chapter 5 “Conclusion”: Research findings on travel notes and novels in cross-border travel literature in the Late Qing Dynasty and summarized as follows. The first section, “Investigation of the Creative Subject: Writing Background and Creation Consciousness”, summarizes and analyzes the author`s identity background, knowledge structure, as well as creative motivation and creative ideas. The second section, “The Explanation of the Meaning of the Theme: Exotic Culture and Modernity”, expounds the core themes of cross-border travel literature in the late Qing Dynasty, and presents the meaning and impact of travel on individuals or groups. The third section, “Breakthrough in the form of expression: the characteristics of cross-border travel literature in the Late Qing Dynasty”: from the aspects of style, structure and narrative mode, it compares with traditional travel notes and novels to highlight the characteristics. Finally, summarize the findings and limitations of this thesis.