乾隆年間色楞格河流域的經貿政策與聚落發展

Abstract

喀爾喀人內附清廷之後，清廷按時局變化利用法令及商業，影響色楞格河流域聚落發展面貌，尤以乾隆年間最為重要。由於色楞格河流域分布廣，因此本文將討論區域設定在土謝圖汗部—庫倫以北至伊埲等地。這個區域最遲在光緒年間被清朝官員稱為「後地」。本文使用「後地」一詞是為行文之便。後地聚落有自然形成的，也有清廷規劃設置的。儘管它們因商業活動而有所發展，但其發展程度因清廷管理政策而有所差異，尤以三度關閉恰克圖市集影響層面最廣。本文利用相關文獻梳理乾隆年間內地商民在後地的經濟活動，說明清廷管理聚落政策及其發展情況。

After the Khalkhas attached to the Qing court, and especially during the Qianlong period, the Qing court used laws and commerce in accordance with changes in the political situation to influence the development of settlements in the Selenga River Basin. Because the Selenga River and its tributaries flow across a wide area, this article will focus its discussion on the area to from Urga to Iven in the north of Tüsheet Khan Aimag. This area was called \"Houdi\" by Qing officials until the Guangxu period, and for the sake of convenience this article also uses the term \"Houdi.\" Some settlements in Houdi were formed naturally, while others were planned by the Qing court. Although they developed due to commercial activities, their degree of development was different as a result of the Qing court`s management policies, and the three-time closure of the Kyakhta Market had an especially wide impact. This article will use relevant textual sources to sort out the economic activities of the Chinese merchants in Houdi during the Qianlong period and explain the development of the Qing court`s policy for managing settlement in the area.