先秦儒學「義」的思想及其秩序建構：以《荀子》為討論中心

Abstract

先秦儒學是一個不斷地變動、發展的學術流派，它在面對「如何建立和諧的社會秩序」的議題時，儒學學者針對此議題提出各自不同的詮釋進路，並由此主張自身提出的理論的合法性與合理性。也因此，即使身為同一學派的思想家，他們在構成理論以及如何有效地回應上述議題時，勢必會有不同的詮釋進路，並由此詮解進路建構出一套，他們認為在現實實務層次上有施作效用的理論體系。本文認為孟、荀之間的差異肇因於，對社會秩序的證成的詮釋進路不同所致。本文欲解決上述提出的問題，從構成思想理論的概念單位「義」在儒學思想理論的發展演變為出發點，試圖由此探究先秦儒學在「如何建立和諧的社會秩序」的議題上是如何推陳出新。有趣的是，當我們將視角聚集在理論上，儒學學者是如何建構社會秩序建立的合法性內容作為我們討論的議題時，他們皆認為蘊含「善」的價值社會有實現的可能，並且同意「規範」的設立在此議題上所扮演的關鍵性角色。只不過在價值優先的序位上有不同的排序。造成此不同排序的原因在於，如何詮釋「規範」與「正義」可能產生的衝突，以及在具體化「規範」的詮釋進路上提出不同的見解所致。所以我們認為，荀子對孟子的批評也應當由此脈絡中察看，以至於對荀子提出的思想理論才有深刻且相應的理解。\n 依據上述所說，本文分為三個部分。首先我們探討概念「義」從《論語》、《孟子》以及《郭店楚墓竹簡》的發展變化，探究概念「義」的變化以及如何構成儒學理論的發展。此發展進路並非單一線性地延伸本有的儒學理論而已，而是從孔子以後的儒學思想家開始對「善的群體生活」有著不同的思考、詮釋進路發展、補強儒學理論；其次，我們分析《荀子》是如何運用概念「義」建構與社會秩序相關的思想理論。最後，本文從孟、荀探討社會秩序（「聖王秩序」）的範疇為討論由此我們可以得知，荀子運用概念「義」與其它單詞「仁」、「禮」、「分」、「公」並列為複合詞，試圖架構出以倫理道德為理論基礎，並且揉合成具有階級次序意義的「群居和一」的社會秩序；起點，試圖詮釋孟、荀的思想理論的相同與相異處，對他們來說人的價值意義必須在歷史與群體生活中才有被理解的可能，以及我們可以從孟、荀在概念「義」的運用上看出甚麼不同的詮釋進路，並由此理解荀子對孟子「性善」的批評的合理性為何，以及二人分別在理論的建構上各自遇到那些難題。

Pre-Qin Confucianism is a constantly changing and developing academic school. When faced with the issue of "how to establish a harmonious social order", Confucian scholars put forward different interpretation approaches to this issue, and thus advocate the validity of their own theories. legality and rationality. Therefore, even if they are thinkers of the same school, they are bound to have different interpretive approaches when they form theories and how to effectively respond to the above issues. There is a theoretical system of performance utility. This paper argues that the difference between Mencius and Xunzi is due to the different interpretive approaches to the justification of social order. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, this paper starts from the development and evolution of the conceptual unit “yi”（義） that constitutes the ideological theory in the development of Confucian ideological theory, and attempts to explore how the pre-Qin Confucianism in the issue of “how to establish a harmonious social order” has brought forth new ideas. Interestingly, when we focus on the theoretical perspective on how Confucian scholars construct the legitimacy content of social order establishment as our discussion topic, they all believe that the value society that contains "goodness" is possible to realize, and agree that " the key role played by the establishment of norms" on this issue. It`s just that there is a different ordering in the order of value priority. The reasons for this different ordering lie in how to interpret the possible conflicts between "norm" and "justice", as well as different opinions on the way of interpreting "norm". Therefore, we believe that Xunzi`s criticism of Mencius should also be viewed in this context, so that we can have a profound and corresponding understanding of the ideological theory put forward by Xunzi.\n According to the above, this paper is divided into three parts. First, we discuss the development and changes of the concept of "yi"（義） from the Analects of Confucius, "Mencius" and "Guodian Chu Tomb Bamboo Slips", and explore the changes of the concept of "yi"（義） and how it constitutes the development of Confucian theory. This development approach is not a single linear extension of the original Confucian theory, but Confucian thinkers after Confucius began to think differently about "good community life", interpret the development and strengthen the Confucian theory; Second, we analyze how Xunzi uses the concept of "yi"（義） to construct ideological theories related to social order. From this, we can know that Xunzi used the concept of "yi"（義） and other words "ren"（仁）, "li"（禮）, "fen"（分）, "public"（公） are juxtaposed as compound words, trying to construct a theoretical basis based on ethics and morality, and blended them into a hierarchical order meaning. A social order of "groups and oneness" Finally, this article starts from the category of Mencius and Xunzi`s discussion of social order ("Sacred King Order"), trying to explain the similarities and differences between Mencius and Xunzi`s ideological theories. For them, the value and meaning of human beings must be based on history and community. Finally, this article starts from the category of Mencius and Xunzi`s discussion of social order ("Sacred King Order"), trying to explain the similarities and differences between Mencius and Xunzi`s ideological theories. For them, the value and meaning of human beings must be based on history and community. It is only possible to be understood in life, and what different interpretation approaches can we see from the use of the concept of "yi"（義） by Mencius and Xunzi, and from this, we can understand the rationality of Xunzi`s criticism of Mencius` "nature of goodness", and The two have encountered those difficulties in the construction of the theory.