Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/141408| 題名: | 美國民眾的社交媒體政治意見表達：選擇性接觸、自我審查與政治極化之角色 American Political Expression on Social Media: The Roles of Selective Exposure, Self-censorship, and Political Polarization |
作者: | 顏鏮峰 Yen, Keng-Feng |
貢獻者: | 蔡佳泓<br>林日璇 Tsai, Chia-Hung<br>Lin, Jih-Hsuan 顏鏮峰 Yen, Keng-Feng |
關鍵詞: | 美國 社交媒體政治意見表達 選擇性接觸 自我審查 政治極化 America social media political expression selective exposure self-censorship political polarization |
日期: | 2022 | 上傳時間: | 1-Aug-2022 | 摘要: | 本研究採線上問卷調查法（N=645），以美國民眾為例，探討選擇性接觸、社交媒體政治意見表達、自我審查與政治極化之關聯性。研究結果發現，選擇性接觸與社交媒體政治意見表達間具有正向關聯性，選擇性接觸與自我審查間具有正向關聯性，自我審查與社交媒體政治意見表達間具有正向關聯性，而自我審查中介選擇性接觸與社交媒體政治意見表達間之關聯性。此外，政治極化調節弱化自我審查與社交媒體政治意見表達之正向關聯性，另一方面，政治極化有條件的調節選擇性接觸與線上政治意見表達之正向關聯性，即當政治極化增加時，將增強選擇性接觸與社交媒體政治意見表達之正向關聯性。 Employing online survey data (N=645), this study examines the relationship between selective exposure, social media political expression, self-censorship, and political polarization for Americans. The results indicate a positive association between selective exposure and social media political expression. Selective exposure is positively associated with self-censorship. Self-censorship is positively associated with social media political expression. Self-censorship is found to mediate the association between selective exposure and political expression on social media. In addition, political polarization serves as a moderator that decreases the positive association between selective exposure and social media political expression. On the other hand, the positive association between selective exposure and social media political expression is conditioned by the level of political polarization. That is, the association between selective exposure and social media political expression is stronger among those who are highly political polarized. |
參考文獻: | Abercrombie, N., & Longhurst, B. (1998). Audiences: A sociological theory of performance and imagination. London, England: Sage.\r\nAn, J. Quercia, D. Cha, M. Gummadi, K., & Crowcroft, J. (2014). Sharing political news: the balancing act of intimacy and socialization in selective exposure. EPJ Data Science, 3(1), 1-21.\r\nBem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74(3), 183-200.\r\nBaldassare, M., & Katz, C. (1996). Measures of attitude strength as predictors of willingness. to speak to the media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(1), 147-158.\r\nBest, S. J., & Krueger, B. S. (2005). The effect of Internet use on political participation: An analysis of survey results for 16-year-olds in Belgium. Social Science Computer Review Winter, 26, 411-427.\r\nBennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008). A new era of minimal effects? The changing foundations of political communication. Journal of communication, 58(4), 707-731.\r\nBakker, T. P., & De Vreese, C. H. (2011). Good news for the future? Young people, Internet. use, and political participation. Communication research, 38(4), 451-470.\r\nBaek, Y. M., Wojcieszak, M., Carpini, M. X. D. (2012). Online versus face-to-face deliberation: Who? Why? What? With what effects? New Media & Society, 14, 363-383.\r\nBekafigo, M. A., McBride, A. (2013). Who tweets about politics? Political participation of Twitter users during the 2011 Gubernatorial Elections. Social Science Computer Review, 31, 625-643.\r\nBakshy, E., Messing, S., Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348, 1130-1132.\r\nBayer, J. B., Triệu, P., & Ellison, N. B. (2020). Social media elements, ecologies, and effects. Annual review of psychology, 71, 471-497.\r\nCallaghan, K., & Schnell, F. (2001). Assessing the democratic debate: How the news media frame elite policy discourse. Political Communication, 18(2), 183-213.\r\nCarpini, M. X. D., Cook, F. L., & Jacobs, L. R. (2004). Public deliberation, discursive participation, and citizen engagement: A review of the empirical literature. Annual Review of Political Science, 7, 315-344.\r\nCarr, C. T., & Hayes, R. A. (2015). Social media: Defining, developing, and divining. Atlantic journal of communication, 23(1), 46-65.\r\nChan, M. (2018). Reluctance to talk about politics in face-to-face and Facebook settings: Examining the impact of fear of isolation, willingness to self-censor, and peer network characteristics. Mass Communication and Society, 21(1), 1-23.\r\nChen, H. T. (2018). Spiral of silence on social media and the moderating role of disagreement and publicness in the network: Analyzing expressive and withdrawal behaviors. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3917-3936.\r\nDi Gennaro, C., & Dutton, W. (2006). The Internet and the public: Online and offline participation in the United Kingdom. Parliamentary Affairs, 59(2), 299-313.\r\nDilliplane, S. (2011). All the news you want to hear: The impact of partisan news. exposure on political participation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(2), 287-316.\r\nDimitrova, D. V., & Matthes, J. (2018). Social media in political campaigning around the world: Theoretical and methodological challenges. Journalism & mass communication quarterly, 95(2), 333-342.\r\nEveland, W. P.Jr., Shah, D. V., & Kwak, N. (2003). Assessing causality in the cognitive mediation model: A panel study of motivations, information processing, and learning during campaign 2000. Communication Research, 30(4), 359-386.\r\nFestinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance (Vol. 2). Stanford university press.\r\nFornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.\r\nFiorina, M. P. [with Abrams, S. J., & Pope, J. C.]. (2005). Culture war? The myth of a polarized America. New York: Pearson Longman.\r\nFlaxman, S., Goel, S., & Rao, J. M. (2016). Filter bubbles, echo chambers, and online news consumption. Public opinion quarterly, 80(S1), 298-320.\r\nFeezell, J. T. (2016). Predicting online political participation: The importance of selection bias and selective exposure in the online setting. Political Research\r\nQuarterly, 69(3), 495-509.\r\nGoffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York, NY: Doubleday.\r\nGreene, J. (1984). A cognitive approach to human communication: An action assembly theory. Communications Monographs, 51(4), 289-306.\r\nGonzenbach, W. J., & Stevenson, R. L. (1994). Children with AIDS attending public school: An analysis of the spiral of silence. Political Communication, 11(1), 3-18.\r\nGimmler, A. (2001). Deliberative democracy, the public sphere and the Internet. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 27(4), 21-39.\r\nGreen, D. P. Palmquist, B., & Schickler, E. (2004). Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.\r\nGarrett, R. K. (2009). Echo chambers online?: Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 14(2), 265-285.\r\nGil de Zúñiga, H. (2012). Modeling the process of political participation in the EU. In R. Friedman. & M. Thiel (Eds.) European Identity & Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging (pp. 75-95). Ashgate: New York.\r\nGeoff, C., Nicola, G., Evans, K., Jackson, D., & Tim, J. (2012). Unravelling the threads: Discourses of sustainability and consumption in an online forum. Environmental Communication, 6(1), 101-118.\r\nGil de Zúñiga, H., Bachmann, I., Hsu, S. H., & Brundidge, J. (2013). Expressive vs. consumptive blog use: Implications for interpersonal discussion and political participation. International Journal of Communication, 7, 1538-1559.\r\nGlynn, C. J., & Huge, M. E. (2014). Speaking in spirals. In W. Donsbach, C. T. Salmon, & Y. Tsfati (Eds.), The spiral of silence: New perspectives on communication and public opinion (pp. 65-72). New York, NY: Routledge.\r\nGarrett, R. K., & Stroud, N. J. (2014). Partisan paths to exposure diversity: Differences in pro-and counterattitudinal news consumption. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 680-701.\r\nGil de Zúñiga, H., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of communication, 64(4), 612-634.\r\nGarrett, R. K., Gvirsman, S. D., Johnson, B. K., Tsfati, Y., Neo, R., & Dal, A. (2014). Implications of pro-and counterattitudinal information exposure for affective\r\npolarization. Human communication research, 40(3), 309-332.\r\nGearhart, S., & Zhang, W. (2015). “Was it something I said?”“No, it was something you posted!” A study of the spiral of silence theory in social media contexts. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(4), 208-213.\r\nHuckfeldt, R., & Sprague, J. (1987). Networks in context: The social flow of political information. American Political Science Review, 81(4), 1197-1216.\r\nHuckfeldt, R. R., & Sprague, J. (1995). Citizens, politics and social communication: Information and influence in an election campaign. Cambridge University Press.\r\nHyde, C. A., & Ruth, B. J. (2002). Multicultural content and class participation: do students. self-censor?. Journal of Social Work Education, 38(2), 241-256.\r\nHayes, A. F., Glynn, C. J., & Shanahan, J. (2005a). Willingness to self-censor: A. construct and measurement tool for public opinion research. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 17(3), 298-323.\r\nHayes, A. F., Glynn, C. J., & Shanahan, J. (2005b). Validating the willingness to self-censor scale: Individual differences in the effect of the climate of opinion on opinion expression. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 17(4), 443-455.\r\nHayes, A. F., Scheufele, D. A., & Huge, M. E. (2006). Nonparticipation as self-censorship: Publicly observable political activity in a polarized opinion climate. Political Behavior, 28(3), 259-283.\r\nHair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Pearson Education.\r\nHo, S. S., & McLeod, D. M. (2008). Social-psychological influences on opinion expression in face-to-face and computer-mediated communication. Communication research, 35(2), 190-207.\r\nHayes, A. F., Matthes, J., & Eveland Jr, W. P. (2013). Stimulating the quasi-statistical organ: Fear of social isolation motivates the quest for knowledge of the opinion climate. Communication Research, 40(4), 439-462.\r\nHare, C., Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (2014). Polarization in Congress has risen sharply. Where is it going next? Retrieved from\r\nhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/02/13/polarization-in-congress-has-risen-sharply-where-is-it-going-next/.\r\nHasell, A., & Weeks, B.E. (2016). Partisan provocation: The role of partisan news use and emotional responses in political information sharing in social media. Human Communication Research, 42, 641-661.\r\nHimelboim, I., Sweetser, K. D., Tinkham, S. F., Cameron, K., Danelo, M., West, K. (2016). Valence-based homophily on twitter: Network analysis of emotions and political talk in the 2012 presidential election. New Media & Society, 18(7), 1382-1400.\r\nHayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.\r\nHutchens, M. J., Hmielowski, J. D., & Beam, M. A. (2019). Reinforcing spirals of political discussion and affective polarization. Communication Monographs, 86(3), 357-376.\r\nIyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19-39.\r\nIyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405-431.\r\nJacobson, G. C. (2003). Partisan polarization in presidential support: The electoral connection. Congress & The Presidency, 30, 1-37.\r\nJu, A., Jeong, S. H., & Chyi, H. I. (2014). Will social media save newspapers? Examining the effectiveness of Facebook and Twitter as news platforms. Journalism practice, 8(1), 1-17.\r\nKlapper, J. T. (1960). The effects of mass communication. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.\r\nKnobloch-Westerwick, S. (2007). Kognitive Dissonanz ‘‘Revisited’’. Selektive Zuwendung zu einstellungskonsistenten und -inkonsistenten politischen Informationen. [Cognitive dissonance revisited. Selective exposure to attitude-con-sistent and attitude-inconsistent political information.]. Publizistik, 52, 51-62.\r\nKushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College. students` use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election. Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608-630.\r\nKwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S. (2010, April). What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? In Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 591–600). Retrieved from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1772751.\r\nKnobloch-Westerwick, S., & Meng, J. (2011). Reinforcement of the political self through. selective exposure to political messages. Journal of Communication, 61(2), 349-368.\r\nKnobloch-Westerwick, S., & Johnson, B. K. (2014). Selective exposure for better or. worse: Its mediating role for online news` impact on political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(2), 184-196.\r\nKümpel, A.S. Karnowski, V., & Keyling, T. (2015). News sharing in social media: A review of current research on news sharing users, content, and networks. Social Media + Society, 2, 1-15.\r\nKwon, K. H., Moon, S. I., & Stefanone, M. A. (2015). Unspeaking on Facebook? Testing network effects on self-censorship of political expressions in social network sites. Quality & Quantity, 49(4), 1417-1435.\r\nLazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people`s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.\r\nLasorsa, D. L. (1991). Political outspokenness: Factors working against the spiral of. silence. Journalism Quarterly, 68(1-2), 131-140.\r\nLarsson, A. O., Moe, H. (2012). Studying political microblogging: Twitter users in the 2010 Swedish Election Campaign. New Media & Society, 14, 729-747.\r\nLin, J. S. (2022). Cross-Cutting exposure, perceived realism, and online political engagement in the age of algorithms. Asian Journal of Communication, 32(2), 131-151.\r\nMarkus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual review of psychology, 38(1), 299-337.\r\nMutz, D. C. (2002). The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 838-855.\r\nMcQueen, A., & Klein, W. M. (2006). Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: A systematic review. Self and Identity, 5(4), 289-354.\r\nMutz, D. C., & Young, L. (2011). Communication and public opinion: Plus ça. change?. Public opinion quarterly, 75(5), 1018-1044.\r\nMatthes, J. (2012). Exposure to counterattitudinal news coverage and the timing of. voting decisions. Communication Research, 39(2), 147-169.\r\nMatthes, J., Hayes, A. F., Rojas, H., Shen, F., Min, S. J., & Dylko, I. B. (2012). Exemplifying a dispositional approach to cross-cultural spiral of silence research: Fear of social isolation and the inclination to self-censor. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(3), 287-305.\r\nMason, L. (2015). “I disrespectfully agree”: The differential effects of partisan sorting on social and issue polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 59, 128-145.\r\nMatthes, J. (2015). Observing the “spiral” in the spiral of silence. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 27(2), 155-176.\r\nMerry, M. (2016). Making Friends and Enemies on Social Media: The Case of Gun Policy Organizations. Online Information Review, 40(5), 624-642.\r\nMatthes, J., Knoll, J., & von Sikorski, C. (2018). The “spiral of silence” revisited: A meta-analysis on the relationship between perceptions of opinion support and political opinion expression. Communication Research, 45(1), 3-33.\r\nNoelle‐Neumann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence a theory of public opinion. Journal of communication, 24(2), 43-51.\r\nNoelle-Neumann, E. (1977). Turbulences in the climate of opinion: Methodological applications of the spiral of silence theory. Public opinion quarterly, 41(2), 143-158.\r\nNoelle-Neumann, E. (1993). The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion, Our Social Skin. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.\r\nOeldorf-Hirsch, A., & Sundar, S. S. (2015). Posting, commenting, and tagging: Effects of sharing news stories on Facebook. Computers in human behavior, 44, 240-249.\r\nPetrič, G., & Pinter, A. (2002). From social perception to public expression of opinion: A. structural equation modeling approach to the spiral of silence. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14(1), 37-53.\r\nPingree, R. J. (2007). How messages affect their senders: A more general model of message effects and implications for deliberation. Communication Theory, 17(4), 439–461.\r\nPariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin UK.\r\nPapacharissi, Z. (2011). A networked self: Identity, community and culture on social. network sites. New York, NY: Routledge.\r\nPagani, M. (2011). The influence of personality on active and passive use of social. networking sites. Psychology & Marketing, 28(5), 441-456.\r\nPapacharissi, Z. (2012). Without you, I`m nothing: Performances of the self on Twitter. International Journal of Communication, 6, 1989-2006.\r\nPrior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 101-127.\r\nRojas, H., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2010). Comunicación y participación política en Colombia. In H Rojas, I. B. Perez, & H. Gil de Zúñiga (Eds.), Comunicación y\r\nComunidad. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia.\r\nRainie, L., Smith, A., Schlozman, K. L., Brady, H., Verba, S. (2012). Social media. and political engagement. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Political-engagement.aspx\r\nRobison, J., & Mullinix, K. J. (2016). Elite polarization and public opinion: How polarization is communicated and its effects. Political Communication, 33(2), 261-282.\r\nPew Research Center. (2018). Social media fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/social-media/\r\nPew Research Center. (2020). America is exceptional in the nature of its political divide. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/13/america-is-exceptional-in-the-nature-of-its-political-divide/\r\nPew Research Center. (2021). Amid a Series of Mass Shootings in the U.S., Gun. Policy Remains Deeply Divisive. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/04/20/amid-a-series-of-mass-shootings-in-the-u-s-gun-policy-remains-deeply-divisive/\r\nShamir, J. (1997). Speaking up and silencing out in face of a changing climate of. opinion. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(3), 602-614.\r\nScheufle, D. A., & Moy, P. (2000). Twenty-five years of the spiral of silence: A conceptual review and empirical outlook. International journal of public opinion research, 12(1), 3-28.\r\nSunstein, C. R. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.\r\nScheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Lee, E. (2001). Manipulating the dependent variable in the spiral of silence research. Communication Research, 28, 304-324.\r\nScheufele, D. A., Nisbet, M. C., Brossard, D., & Nisbet, E. C. (2004). Social structure and citizenship: Examining the impacts of social setting, network heterogeneity, and informational variables on political participation. Political Communication, 21(3), 315-338.\r\nShah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and expression in a digital age modeling Internet effects on civic participation. Communication. Research, 32(5), 531-565.\r\nSherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006). The psychology of self‐defense: Self‐affirmation theory. Advances in experimental social psychology, 38, 183-242.\r\nSlater, M. D. (2007). Reinforcing spirals: The mutual influence of media selectivity. and media effects and their impact on individual behavior and social identity. Communication theory, 17(3), 281-303.\r\nStroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341-366.\r\nSpitzer, R.J. (2008), The Politics of Gun Control, CQ Press, New York, NY.\r\nStroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of communication, 60(3), 556-576.\r\nStroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. Oxford University Press on Demand.\r\nSchulz, A., & Roessler, P. (2012). The spiral of silence and the Internet: Selection of online content and the perception of the public opinion climate in computer-mediated communication environments. International journal of public opinion research, 24(3), 346-367.\r\nSlater, M. D. (2015). Reinforcing spirals model: Conceptualizing the relationship between media content exposure and the development and maintenance of attitudes. Media psychology, 18(3), 370-395.\r\nSoffer, O., & Gordoni, G. (2018). Opinion expression via user comments on news websites: Analysis through the perspective of the spiral of silence. Information, communication & society, 21(3), 388-403.\r\nTaber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American journal of political science, 50(3), 755-769.\r\nTavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach`s alpha. International journal of medical education, 2, 53.\r\nTsfati, Y., Stroud, N. J., & Chotiner, A. (2014). Exposure to ideological news and perceived opinion climate: Testing the media effects component of spiral-of-silence in a fragmented media landscape. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(1), 3-23.\r\nThomas, C., & Andrew, O. (2019, September 25). How Americans Were Driven to Extremes In the United States, Polarization Runs Particularly Deep. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2019-09-25/how-americans-were-driven-extremes\r\nVerba, S., & Nie, N. H. (1972). Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. New York, NY: Harper & Row.\r\nVelasquez, A., & Rojas, H. (2017). Political expression on social media: The role of. communication competence and expected outcomes. Social Media+ Society, 3(1), 1-11.\r\nWillnat, L., Lee, W., & Detenber, B. H. (2002). Individual‐level predictors of public outspokenness: A test of the spiral of silence theory in Singapore. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14(4), 391-412.\r\nWoong Yun, G., & Park, S. Y. (2011). Selective posting: Willingness to post a. message online. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 16(2), 201-227.\r\nWeeks, B.E., & Holbert, R.L. (2013). Predicting dissemination of news content in social media: A focus on reception, friending, and partisanship. Journalism &\r\nMass Communication Quarterly, 90, 212-232.\r\nWojcieszak, M., Bimber, B., Feldman, L., & Stroud, N. J. (2016). Partisan news and political. participation: Exploring mediated relationships. Political Communication, 33(2), 241-260.\r\nWeeks, B. E., Lane, D. S., Kim, D. H., Lee, S. S., & Kwak, N. (2017). Incidental exposure, selective exposure, and political information sharing: Integrating online exposure patterns and expression on social media. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 22(6), 363-379. | 描述: | 碩士 國立政治大學 傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程 108464027 |
資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108464027 | 資料類型: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | 學位論文 |
Files in This Item:
| File | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|
| index.html | 113 B | HTML2 | View/Open |
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.