COVID-19時代下印尼省份的教育支出效率：以DEA數據包絡分析法

Abstract

本研究旨在評估和分析 COVID-19 時代（2019-2021 年）印尼各省的教育支出效率。教育是政府重點關注的領域之一。印尼政府專門為教育分配了至少 20% 的年度政府預算。本研究選擇了幾個指標，包括一個投入和四個產出，來確定印尼的教育支出利用效率。教育支出 (EE) 是分析中的投入。四個產出是教師與學生的比率（TSR）、班級與學生的比率（KSR）、教育完成率（ECR）和平均在校生活（ASL）。\n選擇數據包絡分析（DEA）作為分析印尼各省教育支出效率的方法。該模型假設變動規模報酬 (VRS) 並使用投入和產出導向。結果表明，在 COVID-19 時代的三年中，大多數省份的效率相對較低。儘管如此，在 2021 年發現了更多的高效省。雖然在2021年較多的省份變得有效率，但並非是受COVID-19的影響。有效省份的數量看似較多，但實際上，這些省份在一個或多個變量上仍有一些不足。一些強大的高效省份是雅加達特別首都區、廖內群島、北加里曼丹和馬魯古。這些高效的省份在地理上分佈廣泛，可以成為附近地區其他省份的良好模式。\n根據分析結果，印尼政府可以重點關注兩個基本方面：教師和班級提供。此外，大多數需要更多教師或班級的省份是那些將政府支出的20%以上用於教育的省份。差額變數分析還發現，這些省份應該能夠以低得多的投入達到目前的產出水平。因此，在未來，政府必須採取大膽的行動，確保在全國任何地方都能獲得良好和適當的教育。

This study aims to assess and analyze the efficiency of education expenditure in Indonesia by province during the COVID-19 era (2019-2021). Education is one of the sectors in which the government puts its focus. Exclusive for education, Indonesian government allocates at least twenty percent of its annual government budget. This study chooses several indicators, including one input and four outputs, to determine the efficiency of education expenditure utilization in Indonesia. Education expenditure (EE) is the input in the analysis. The four outputs are the teacher-to-students ratio (TSR), class-to-students ratio (KSR), the education completion rate (ECR), and average school life (ASL).\nData Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is chosen as the methodology for analyzing the education expenditure efficiency of Indonesian provinces. The model assumes a variable return to scale (VRS) and uses input and output orientations. The results show that most provinces were relatively inefficient throughout the three years of the COVID-19 era. Nevertheless, a higher number of efficient provinces are found in 2021. The increasing number of efficient provinces can not be accepted as the COVID-19 influence the provinces to be more efficient. The number of efficient provinces appears to be higher, but in reality, those provinces still have some slacks in one or more variables. Some strong efficient provinces are the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Riau Islands, North Kalimantan, and Maluku. These efficient provinces spread geographically and can become a good model for other provinces located in the nearby region.\nBased on the analysis results, the Indonesian government can focus on two essential aspects: teacher and class provision. Moreover, most provinces that need more teachers or classes are the ones that use more than twenty percent of government expenditure for education. The slack analysis also finds that these provinces should be able to achieve the current output level with much lower input. Therefore, in the future, the government must take bold action to ensure the availability of good and proper education in any part of the country.