九二一地震災區學生的因應型態、樂觀與心理症狀的關係--一年後的追蹤研究

Abstract

本研究的主要目的旨在了解隨著九二一地震發生後的時序變化，災區學生的因應型態與心理症狀之間會呈現何種關係？以及樂觀與因應及心理症狀的關係。本研究以一年的追蹤期，共收集了513位災區高中生的反應。本研究發現(1)震災發生一年半之後，只有信教與逃避式的因應會與心理症狀間呈現顯著的正相關，其餘的因應則與心理症狀間無顯著的相關；(2)因應不具慣用性；(3)由交叉延宕相關係數來看，若學生在災後發生不久具有較多的刻意逃避症狀，他於往後愈會採用信教的因應來處理困境；如果在災後不久具有較多的身心症狀，他愈會採用抑制抗拮活動來處理問題；如果學生於災後持續使用主動的因應，則能於日後降低其負向情緒；(4)由逐步迴歸分析的結果顯示，行為逃脫的因應最能預測「負向情緒」與「身心症狀」的變化，經濟變化最能預測「刻意逃避」的反應，而「人際關係變化」最能預測「過度警覺」的反應；(5)愈樂觀的學生，愈會採用正向重釋、主動因應或社會支持，並與四種心理症狀間呈現顯著的負相關。綜合來說，本研究的結果與過去探討災難與因應的研究發現是類似的。

The purpose of this study are (1) to examine the relations between the coping styles and psychological symptoms after one and half years， of the 513 high school students who experienced the disaster of the earthquake on September 21， 1999， and (2) to examine the relations of optimism， coping styles and psychological symptoms.The results show (1) After one and a half years since the disaster， avoidant coping has a significantly positive correlation with psychological symptoms， but the other coping styles have no significant relations with psychological symptoms；(2) The results of cross-lagged correlation show if students have more intentional avoidance symptoms initially after an earthquake， they will turn to religion to manage stress；if students have more psychophysiological symptoms initially after an earthquake， they will use suppression of competing activities to manage stress；if students could instantly use active coping， they will reduce their negative emotion；(3) From the results of stepwise regression analysis， “behavioral disengagement” affects the “negative emotions” and “psychophysiological symptoms” most， the “economic difficulty” affects the “intentional avoidance” most， and the “interpersonal relations“ affect the “hypervigiliance” most；(4) the coping styles have no dispositional characteristics；and (5) the optimistic students have less psychological symptoms and use more positive reinterpretation， active coping or social support.