中國大陸集體土地所有制變革趨勢之研究

Abstract

中國大陸集體土地曾在五○年代初期短暫允許農民可以私有土地，經過初級社到高級社後，則完全收歸集體公有迄今。惟集體所有土地根據馬、恩等共產黨人的看法，只能是現實過渡措施，而且馬、恩等人並不排斥多元性土地所有制，也允許農民可以私有土地，應有其務實的一面，其著眼點在於如何維持、發展眼前的社會生產力問題，端視社會生產力的需要來決定當時的產產關係，而且還要透過逐步改造、通過示範和提供社會幫助方式來完成改造，由此反觀當時農村土地集體化過程，明顯並未依照馬、恩等人的遺訓。八○年代初期實行的承包制度，雖有三、五年好的光景，卻也因為集體土地產權不明，農民生產積極性由高而低，私有土地旋即呼聲不斷，未來集體土地是否私有化恐難避免。

In mainland China, private land ownership was allowed to exist for a very short time tin the early 1950s. All land became collectively owned through the transformation of the elementary agricultural producer cooperatives into the advanced ones. The collective land ownership system has since then been in effect. Marx and Engels, however, regarded collective ownership of land as a realistic transitional measure. They did not reject varied land ownership, including private ownership. They were pragmatic enough to emphasize the maintenance and development of existing social productive forces, pointing out that relations of production should be decided by the needs of existing social productive forces and be gradually transformed via example-setting and the provision of social aid. Obviously, mainland China`s process of rural land collectivization did not follow the teachings of Marx and Engels. The implementation of the contract system in the early 1980s resulted in three to five years of rapid increase in agricultural output, but the productive enthusiasm of the peasants soon declined due to uncertainty over the property rights of collective land. They have since then asked for private ownership of land. It seems possible that mainland China will give consideration to permitting private land ownership when reforming the collective land ownership system.