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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31569
DC FieldValueLanguage
dc.contributor.advisor陳文賢zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisorChen, Wen-Hsienen_US
dc.contributor.author戴寶孝zh_TW
dc.contributor.authorDAI, BAO-SHIAOen_US
dc.creator戴寶孝zh_TW
dc.creatorDAI, BAO-SHIAOen_US
dc.date2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned2009-09-14T02:47:53Z-
dc.date.available2009-09-14T02:47:53Z-
dc.date.issued2009-09-14T02:47:53Z-
dc.identifierG0929810301en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31569-
dc.description碩士zh_TW
dc.description國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description92981030zh_TW
dc.description94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract一個種族社群壁壘分明的社會，將在政治、經濟與文化的競爭環境中，激發出社群衝突的動機。斯里蘭卡分離主義運動即是在此種環境下形塑而成，亦即是說，一項規模宏大並且致使生靈塗炭的群眾運動並非一觸即成，它必須端看一些刺激性的因素異化而成。而這些刺激因素往往也是伴隨著世局的變遷，所帶來的政治理論在意識形態上的演化效應。在斯里蘭卡分離主義的歷史發展中，將可看到種族文化的對立所產生的一種充滿政治歧視與仇恨的社會景象，是一場社群領導人、痴狂的追隨者與極端主義者在政治與經濟資源上的互動競爭所造成的結果。而期間社群菁英的政治投機主義取向和以種族作為人口社群劃分在比例上的懸殊差距以及一個缺乏公益的憲政體制所塑造的政治生態，亦將是社群政治菁英甘心沉淪於「種族叫價」(ethnic outbidding)與訴求「種族中心論」的合理動機。\r\n\r\n斯里蘭卡分離主義運動在政治理論的實踐上，同樣有其階段性的發展史。原生論與工具論將牽引著自由主義與保守主義的辯證過程，把斯里蘭卡原本族群融合的意識景象帶往社群主義所異化成的「想像」與「假象」，讓那些社群中痴狂的追隨者與極端的憤恨之徒不知不覺地產生了渴望去劃破世界主義充滿博愛與平等之幕的衝動，去甩開錫蘭民族主義的意識圖騰而執起文化民族主義的鮮明旗幟，毅然決然地走向分離主義這種種族文化殊死之途。一場不對稱的游擊戰爭──斯里蘭卡內戰就此展開，而政府(主流族群)那些持續缺乏政治道德(殘暴與激盡的武力鎮壓)的回應，將形同一枝矛戟，把從屬族群(LTTE)逼上恐怖主義這種極具暴戾、蠻橫與陰沉的不歸之途。\r\n\r\n\r\n關鍵字：分離主義、斯里蘭卡、種族中心論、種族叫價。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents摘要.................................................. i\r\n\r\n誌謝.................................................. ii\r\n\r\n論文目次.............................................. iii\r\n\r\n圖次.................................................. viii\r\n\r\n表次.................................................. ix\r\n\r\n\r\n第一章 緒 論........................................ 1\r\n\r\n第一節 問題發現、動機與目的........................ 1\r\n\r\n一、問題發現與動機.................................... 1\r\n\r\n二、研究目的.......................................... 5\r\n\r\n第二節 研究方法與架構設計.......................... 5\r\n\r\n一、研究方法.......................................... 5\r\n\r\n二、研究架構.......................................... 6\r\n\r\n第三節 主要文獻分析................................ 7\r\n\r\n一、中文專書.......................................... 8\r\n\r\n二、英文專書.......................................... 8\r\n\r\n第四節 研究範圍與限制.............................. 10\r\n\r\n一、研究範圍.......................................... 10\r\n\r\n二、研究限制.......................................... 11\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n第二章 分離主義理論之探討............................ 12\r\n\r\n第一節 分離主義的定義.............................. 12\r\n\r\n一、語義上的定義...................................... 14\r\n\r\n二、學者與文獻上的貢獻................................ 19\r\n\r\n第二節 分離主義與民族主義之政治理論關係............ 28\r\n\r\n一、民族的概念........................................ 29\r\n\r\n二、民族的特徵........................................ 32\r\n\r\n三、民族主義的理論實踐................................ 38\r\n\r\n四、民族主義意識形態的特性............................ 43\r\n\r\n第三節 自由主義、保守主義、社群主義與世界主義...... 46\r\n\r\n一、自由主義.......................................... 47\r\n\r\n二、保守主義.......................................... 55\r\n\r\n三、社群主義與世界主義................................ 60\r\n\r\n\r\n第三章 斯里蘭卡國情概況與種族歷史發展................ 68\r\n\r\n第一節 斯里蘭卡簡史與國情概況...................... 68\r\n\r\n一、國家簡介(政府、種族社群分佈與宗教)................ 68\r\n\r\n二、地理位置與地形分析................................ 73\r\n\r\n三、經濟發展慨況...................................... 75\r\n\r\n第二節 斯里蘭卡種族發展史.......................... 77\r\n\r\n一、辛哈傳說.......................................... 77\r\n\r\n二、斯里蘭卡立國信史.................................. 80\r\n\r\n三、南印度的泰米爾人.................................. 81\r\n\r\n四、穆斯林與伯格人.................................... 84\r\n\r\n第三節 主要政黨組織................................ 87\r\n\r\n一、「統一國民黨」.................................... 87\r\n\r\n二、「斯里蘭卡自由黨」................................ 91\r\n\r\n三、「聯邦黨」........................................ 96\r\n\r\n第四節 斯里蘭卡種姓制度............................ 99\r\n\r\n一、種姓的淵源與特性.................................. 99\r\n\r\n二、辛哈民族種姓制度.................................. 102\r\n\r\n三、泰米爾民族種姓制度................................ 106\r\n\r\n四、種姓階級的後續發展──可能潛藏族群衝突的要素...... 110\r\n\r\n\r\n第四章 斯里蘭卡種族仇恨與文化鬥爭.................... 114\r\n\r\n第一節 錫蘭民族主義之興起與1915年反穆斯林暴動...... 114\r\n\r\n一、斯里蘭卡興起的種族意識............................ 114\r\n\r\n二、社群代表制下的爭議................................ 117\r\n\r\n三、經濟衝突的醞釀──一種種族優越性競爭下的結果...... 121\r\n\r\n四、1915年「反穆斯林」暴動爆發........................ 125\r\n\r\n五、暴動後續的分析.................................... 127\r\n\r\n第二節 民族與宗教文化的競爭........................ 129\r\n\r\n一、斯里蘭卡宗教民族意識的興起........................ 129\r\n\r\n二、民族政治優越意識.................................. 132\r\n\r\n三、《達諾摩爾憲法》(Donoughmore Constitution)........ 137\r\n\r\n四、《索爾伯里憲法》(Soulbury Constitution)........... 139\r\n\r\n第三節 「辛哈唯一」政策下的權力競爭................ 145\r\n\r\n一、1930年代Swabasha運動(民族語言運動；self-language). 145\r\n\r\n二、1940年代「辛哈唯一」的倡議(辛哈民族主義的崛起).... 150\r\n\r\n三、辛哈民族主義與佛教激進主義的合流.................. 151\r\n\r\n四、投機政治與「種族叫價」............................ 155\r\n\r\n第四節 種族衝突的濫觴.............................. 163\r\n\r\n一、語言民族主義與政治、經濟和社會發展的聯繫.......... 164\r\n\r\n二、1956年「反泰米爾」暴動............................ 168\r\n\r\n三、1957年《班達拉奈克與契爾凡尼亞肯協定》............ 173\r\n\r\n四、1958年「反泰米爾」暴動與S. W. R. D.班達拉奈克遇刺. 179\r\n\r\n五、1961年「聯邦黨」的抗爭與1962年流產政變............ 183\r\n\r\n六、1965年《辛南那亞克與契爾凡尼亞肯協定》與1966年政變 186\r\n\r\n\r\n第五章 泰米爾分離主義的形成與發展.................... 189\r\n\r\n第一節 泰米爾民族主義的興起........................ 190\r\n\r\n一、1972年《斯里蘭卡第一共和國憲法》.................. 190\r\n\r\n二、1971年「人民自由陣線」的流產政變.................. 192\r\n\r\n三、「青年膨脹」的問題................................ 194\r\n\r\n第二節 斯里蘭卡1970年代後經濟結構的改變............ 199\r\n\r\n一、經濟結構改變的導引................................ 200\r\n\r\n二、國有企業經營的壟斷................................ 201\r\n\r\n三、都市貧民的罷工.................................... 205\r\n\r\n四、經濟市場開放後的問題──何以相對剝削的認知增強.... 207\r\n\r\n五、傳統社會結構的延續──種姓制度.................... 210\r\n\r\n第三節 分離主義政治理論與組織的形成................ 214\r\n\r\n一、泰米爾分離主義意識形態的沿革與實踐................ 214\r\n\r\n二、分離勢力的具體形成與分裂.......................... 215\r\n\r\n三、LTTE與TELO的激進勢力鬥爭.......................... 217\r\n\r\n四、「泰米爾伊拉姆自由之虎」勢力的壯大................ 221\r\n\r\n第四節 斯里蘭卡內戰的爆發與後續的發展分析.......... 224\r\n\r\n一、1977年反泰米爾暴動................................ 225\r\n\r\n二、1978年《斯里蘭卡第二共和國憲法》.................. 228\r\n\r\n三、1981年與1983年「反泰米爾」暴動.................... 231\r\n\r\n四、和平的談判與持續的衝突............................ 236\r\n\r\n五、斯里蘭卡分離主義運動後續的分析.................... 241\r\n\r\n\r\n第六章 結 論........................................ 246\r\n\r\n第一節 斯里蘭卡種族衝突與動員的路徑................ 246\r\n\r\n一、歷史關鍵事件的回顧................................ 247\r\n\r\n二、少數民族的期盼與社群意識的強化.................... 253\r\n\r\n三、種族動員的路徑.................................... 256\r\n\r\n第二節 斯里蘭卡分離主義政治理論形成的路徑.......... 259\r\n\r\n一、後續政治理論的發展................................ 260\r\n\r\n二、政治理論形成的路徑................................ 262\r\n\r\n參考資料.............................................. 266\r\n\r\n附錄.................................................. 283\r\n\r\nA：重要名人、團體與名詞名稱(縮寫)中英文對照表......... 283\r\n\r\nB：Incidents involving Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam\r\n (LTTE)............................................. 287\r\n\r\nC：Memorandum of Understanding........................ 304\r\n\r\n\r\n圖 次\r\n\r\n圖2-1-1 種族集體意識的發展途徑..................... 26\r\n圖2-1-2 分離主義的在演化........................... 27\r\n圖2-2-1 人類社會演化過程........................... 29\r\n圖2-2-2 全球伊斯蘭分佈圖........................... 35\r\n圖2-2-3 1956─2002年自決武裝衝突曲線圖............. 42\r\n圖2-3-1 自由主義者對自由的看法..................... 50\r\n圖3-1-1 斯里蘭卡國旗與國徽......................... 69\r\n圖3-1-2 斯里蘭卡種族社群分佈圖..................... 70\r\n圖3-1-3 斯里蘭卡戰略位置圖......................... 73\r\n圖3-1-4 斯里蘭卡沿海重要城市與地理海拔平面圖....... 74\r\n圖3-2-1 西元1030年朱羅帝國直接控制的地區........... 86\r\n圖3-4-1 康堤人白天Perahera盛會..................... 103\r\n圖3-4-2 康堤廟宇的鼓手與神象....................... 103\r\n圖3-4-3 斯里蘭卡種姓階級流動圖..................... 105\r\n圖3-4-4 泰米爾種姓制度列表......................... 107\r\n圖3-4-5 斯里蘭卡種族意識發展過程................... 110\r\n圖4-1-1 1833年以種族提名非官方議會代表席次分配..... 120\r\n圖4-1-2 1889年以種族提名非官方議會代表席次分配..... 121\r\n圖4-2-1 斯里蘭卡民族宗教復興運動時期三角關係....... 131\r\n圖4-4-1 斯里蘭卡泰米爾民族政府雇用勞動比例曲線圖... 184\r\n圖5-2-1 1948─1988年斯里蘭卡社群暴力衝突頻率分析圖. 200\r\n圖5-3-1 泰米爾伊拉姆自由之虎(LTTE)組織結構圖....... 222\r\n圖6-2-1 斯里蘭卡種族動員與集體意識的發展路徑....... 258\r\n圖6-2-2 斯里蘭卡分離主義政治理論形成路徑........... 264\r\n\r\n\r\n表 次\r\n\r\n表2-1-1 分離主義之分項要素歸納..................... 18\r\n表2-2-1 對待種族與民族態度的異同................... 31\r\n表2-2-2 加州科技大學學生對異族婚戀的看法........... 34\r\n表2-2-3 1956─2002年因自決發生武裝衝突事件與發展結果統\r\n 計......................................... 41\r\n表2-3-1 社群主義政治行為世界觀..................... 64\r\n表3-1-1 斯里蘭卡行政區域劃分與人口統計............. 71\r\n表3-1-2 斯里蘭卡1953─1996年勞動失業人口百分比..... 76\r\n表3-2-1 斯里蘭卡穆斯林社群區分之人口數與比例....... 85\r\n表3-2-2 斯里蘭卡說泰米爾語之種族人口數與比例....... 86\r\n表3-3-1 聯邦黨立屆國會選舉表現..................... 97\r\n表4-2-1 斯里蘭卡年各種族社群英語知識人口比例....... 134\r\n表4-2-2 1947─1977年斯里蘭卡歷屆國會選舉各種族所獲得實際\r\n 席次統計................................... 143\r\n表4-3-1 1881─1946年斯里蘭卡受過五年教育以上識字人口百分\r\n 比......................................... 146\r\n表4-4-1 1947─1962年斯里蘭卡歷年國會大選個政黨選舉結果\r\n ........................................... 169\r\n表4-4-2 1946─1982年北方省與東方省辛哈人口增加之百分比\r\n ........................................... 178\r\n表5-1-1 1971年斯里蘭卡大學入學標準分數............. 195\r\n表5-1-2 斯里蘭卡社群1963年與1973年之個人收入統計... 196\r\n表5-1-3 1970─1977年以科學為學程基礎之大學入學百分比統計\r\n ........................................... 197\r\n表5-1-4 1946─1971年斯里蘭卡各地區種族人口數與百分比統計\r\n ........................................... 198\r\n表5-2-1 1972年斯里蘭卡政府職工分類與種族劃分%比例.. 202\r\n表5-2-2 斯里蘭卡社會青年所認為影響私營部門雇用之不公平待\r\n 遇方式..................................... 211\r\n表5-2-3 中階行政主管與經理人之受訪者種族身分調查... 212zh_TW
dc.language.isoen_US-
dc.source.urihttp://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0929810301en_US
dc.subject分離主義zh_TW
dc.subject斯里蘭卡zh_TW
dc.subject種族中心論zh_TW
dc.subject種族叫價zh_TW
dc.title斯里蘭卡分離主義研究zh_TW
dc.typethesisen
dc.relation.reference一、中文部分：zh_TW
dc.relation.reference(一) 專書目錄zh_TW
dc.relation.reference中國現代國際關係研究所─反恐怖研究中心編譯，菲利普•勒瓊著，〈如何分析恐怖主義〉，恐怖主義與反恐怖鬥爭理論探索， (北京市：時事出版社，2002年)。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference洪鐮德著，當代主義 (台北：揚智文化出版社，2004)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference陶其玉著，斯里蘭卡國情與經濟概況 (台北：中斯文化經濟協會，民國七○年十月出版)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference梁文韜著，世界主義契約論與全球分配正義 (台灣：國立成功大學政治系)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference梁永安譯，Hoffer, Eric著，狂熱分子 (The True Believer) (台北：立緒文化事業有限公司，2004)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference張亞中、孫國祥合著，亞太綜合安全年報2001─2002 (台北市：遠景基金會，2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference許雲翔等合譯，Lehning, Percy B.著，分離主義的理論 (台北：韋伯文化事業出版社，2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference楊逢泰著，民族自決的理論和實踐 (台北：正中書局，民65)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference_______, English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (London: Harper Collins, c2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference(二) 網路期刊目錄zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceCederman, Lars-Erik.“Democratizing divided societies in bad neighbourhoods,”Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century (National Center of Competence in Research；NCCR, University of Zurich). http://www.nccr-democracy.unizh.ch/apache2-default/IP3.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceChalk, Peter.“Liberation Tigers Of Tamil Eelam`s (LTTE): International Organization And Operations - A Preliminary Analysis”(A Canadian Security Intelligence Service Publication). http://www.vigilonline.com/reference/relart/sllink3.aspzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceCooray, Upali.“An initial assessment of the ost-1988 JVP,”Lines Magazine, Volume IV, Issue 1 (May 2005). http://www.lines-magazine.org/Art_May05/upali.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDe Silva, K. M.“Sri Lanka: Political-Military Relations,”Working Paper Series, Paper 3 (Hague: Conflict Research Unit─Netherlands Institutional Relations‘Clingendael’, November 2001). http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2001/20011100_cru_working_paper_3.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDe Silva-Ranasinghe, Sergei.“A Historical Account of the Ceylon Defence Force, 1881─1949.”http://www.rootsweb.com/~lkawgw/cdf.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDowner, Alexander.“Foreign Affairs Media Releases,”3 August 1999.「Australian Government─Department of Foreigh Affairs and Trade」http://www.dfat.gov.au/media/releases/foreign/1999/fa087_99.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceFrost, Mark Ravinder.“Cosmopolitan Fragment from a Splintered Isle: Colombo and ‘Ceylonese ’ Nationalism,”Ethnicities, Diasporas and ‘Grounded’ Cosmopolitanism in Asia (Monograph Series, Proceedings of the Asia Research Institute Workshop on“Identities, Nations and Cosmopolitan Practice: Interrogating the Work of Pnina and Richard Werbner,”sponsored by the Asia Research Institute at the National University of Singapore held on 29 April 2004). http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/Monograph.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceGunasekeram, S. J.“MOORS –CHONAKAR,”KUVIYAM, Issue 16. Selected articles from April 2003. http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:Pc5rVtsVMOMJ:www.kuviyam.com/scr/ARC/D03E.pdf+MOORS+CHONAKAR&hl=zh-TW&gl=tw&ct=clnk&cd=5zh_TW
dc.relation.reference鄭又平、王賀白、藍於琛合譯，Gurr, Ted Robert與Harff, Barbara合著，國際政治中的族群衝突 (Ethnic Conflict in World Politics) (台北：韋伯文化事業出版社，2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceHellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar.“The Quick and The Dead: The Pioneeers I: The Weeping Widow,”Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia, Project Discussion Paper No. 8/2004 (Publisher: University of Duisburg-Essen and University of Erlangen-Nuremberg). http://www.uni-duisburg.de/Institute/OAWISS/institut/mitarbeiter/Dynasties/No8_2004%20The%20Quick%20and%20the%20dead%20The%20Pioneers%20I%20The%20weeping%20Widow.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceHendrixson, Anne.“The ‘Youth Bulge’: Defining the Next Generation of Young Men as a Threat to the Future,”Different Takes, No. 19, 2003 (British: Hampshire College). http://popdev.hampshire.edu/projects/dt/pdfs/DifferenTakes_19.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceHoole, Rajan.“Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power, Myths, Decadence & Murder,” Authoritarianism and the Crisis of Identity, Chapter 1. http://www.uthr.org/Book/CHA01.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceIndrapala, Karthigesu.“Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon,”Journal of Royal Asiatic Society─Ceylon Branch (New Series 13, 1969).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceJayapalan, V. T. S.“MUSLIMS & TAMIL EELAM: The National Question & the Muslims─a Socio Political Analysis.”Excerpts from a book first Published in Tamil, 1981 by Allai Publications, Jaffna, Tamil Eelam. 「Tamilnation.org」http://www.tamilnation.org/tamileelam/muslims/jeyapalan.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceJayawardence, Lakshman.“Versatile Anagarika Dharmapala-communicator par excellence,”Daily News (Tuesday, September 17, 2002).「Buddhist News」http://www.buddhistnews.tv/current/anagarika-dhammapala-F.phpzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceJeyaraj, D. B. S.“The French example, India’s National Magazine from the publishers of THE HINDU,”Frontline, Volume 18, Issue 26 (Dec. 22, 2001 - Jan. 04, 2002). http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1826/18260570.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceKodituwakku, Karunasena.“Dudley Senanayake,”The Island 2001.「Virtual Library Sri Lanka」http://www.lankalibrary.com/pol/dudley.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceKreis, Steven.“Edmung Burke, 1729─1797,”Lecture on Modern European Intellectual History (Last Revised–May 13, 2004).「The History Guide」http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/burke.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceLingam, N.“Any Political Solution Permit A Standing Tamil Armed Forces Under The Control of a Tamil government,”News Room (Tamil Canadian) (14: 56 GMT, Jun. 12, 2000).「TamilCanadian.com」http://www.news.tamilcanadian.com/news/2000/06/20000612_1.shtmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference潘志平主編，〈眾說紛紜的「民族」：難以取得共識的概念〉，民族自決還是民族分裂(Separatism) (烏魯木齊市：新疆人民出版社，1999)。zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMarshall, Monty G. and Gurr, Ted Robert: Integrated Network for Societal Conflict Research (INSCR), Center for International Development and Conflict Management (CIDCM), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA (Publication Date: February, 2003). http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/PC03print.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMatthews, Bruce.“Radical Conflict and the Rationalization of Violence in Sri Lanka,”Pacific Affairs, Vol. 59, No. 1 (British: The University of British Columbia, 1986).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMohan, Vasundhara. Muslims of Sri Lanka (Jaipur, India: Allied Publishers, 1985).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceNuhuman, M. A. Ethnic Identity,“Religious Fundamentalism and Muslim Women In Sri Lanka,”Women Living Under Muslim Laws, Dossier, 21 (September 1998).「Muslim Women`s Research and Action Front」http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/rtf/dossiers/dossier21/D21-03-women-sri-lanka.rtfzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceRajagopalan, Swarna.“An Anatomy of the Sri Lankan Conflict.” http://swarnar.com/anatomyslconf.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceRajasingham, K. T.“Limbo between war and peace,”Sri Lanka: Untold Story, Chapter 32 (March 23, 2002).「Asia Times」http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC23Df05.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceRoberts, Michael.“Sinhala-ness and Sinhala Nationalism,”Marga Monograph Series on Ethnic Reconciliation, No. 4 (Sri Lanka: Marga Institute, 2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceSariffodeen, D. T. Aponso.“Senanayake`s Constitution and minorities,”Daily News (Friday, 22 March, 2002). http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/03/22/fea01.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceSiriwardena, Reggie.“National Identity, Content of Education and Ethnic Perceptions,”Sangam Research(C) (March 4, 2002). http://sangam.org/ANALYSIS/national_identity.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceSivasupramaniam, V.“The Tamil Diaspora.”「Tamilnation. org」http://tamilnation.org/diaspora/articles/siva.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference歐信宏、陳尚懋合譯，Hughes, Barry B.著，最新國際政治新論 (台北：韋伯文化，2002)。zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceSri Kantha, Sachi.“Anandasangaree and the 1977 Assault on Amirthalingam.”「Ilankai Tamil Sangam」http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2005/11-24_Anandasangaree_and_the_1977_Assault_on_Amirtzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceSull, Menka. Unrealized Revolution: The Failures and Future of Revolutionary Movements in India and Sri Lanka (University of British Columbia). http://www.cpssa-aespc.org/expressions/expressions2002/menka_sull.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceSwamy, M. R. Narayan.“The Armed Struggle for Tamil Eelam: Early Tamil Militancy.”「Tamilnation.org」http://www.tamilnation.org/tamileelam/armedstruggle/earlymilitancy.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceTaw, Maha Wi Za Ya Zyat. The King Vijaya of Thiri-Mingala Kyun. http://www.usamyanmar.net/Buddha/Article/The%20King%20Vijaya%20of%20Thiri.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.referenceWagner, Christian.“Sri Lanka─A New Chance for Peace?”Series Editor: Dr Willem van der Geest (German Institute for International and Security Affairs: SWP Journal, January 2004). http://www.eias.org/publications/briefing/2004/srilankapeace.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.reference(三) 網站(或網路)文章目錄zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceEmployment and Unemployment of Youth in Sri Lanka, Country Study Department of National Planning (February 2002). http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/colombo/download/ptlppr02.pdfzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Aligarh Movement (1858-98).”「Timeline」─events, 1857-1905. http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A024zh_TW
dc.relation.reference“All Ceylon Tamil Congress.”「Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia」 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Congresszh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Appendix C,”Patterns of Global Terrorism, 2003 (U.S. Department of State, Released by the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism April 29, 2004). http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2003/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference應奇著，社群主義 (台北市：揚智出版社，1999年)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Arrests in Tamil Nadu,”Sri Lanka Monitor (Produced by the British Refugee Council No.109, February 1997). http://brcslproject.gn.apc.org/slmonitor/february97/tamil.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Assassination of Neelan Tiruchelvam.”「Reality of Sri Lanka」http://www.realityofsrilanka.com/neelam.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Chettiar.”「Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia」http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chettiarzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Cholas.”「Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia」http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholaszh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Conflict Resolution Tamil Eelam—Sri Lanka, Bandaranaike&Chelvanayagam Pact, 1957.”「TamilNation.Org」http://www.tamilnation.org/conflictresolution/tamileelam/57bandachelvapact.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Definitions of Sir.”「More Words」http://www.morewords.com/word/sri/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.”「Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia」http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMKzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Lecture Abstract,”The Traditional Dwellings of the Bohras: Architectural Response to Cultural Ethos. http://home.worldcom.ch/~negenter/015AcrobatArchives/Desai00H/DesaiArchPlates.PDFzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.”「South Asia Terrorism Portal」http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/shrilanka/terroristoutfits/LTTE.HTMzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“LTTE leader calls for autonomy and self-government for Tamil homeland.”(November 27, 2002; 12:17 GMT).「TamilNet」http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=7902zh_TW
dc.relation.reference(二) 期刊目錄zh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Memon.”「Yotor.org」http://www.yotor.org/wiki/en/me/Memon.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Military─1970s Violence.”「Global Security. org」http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/sri_lanka1.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Our Approach for a Better Tomorrow Free from Terrorism,”Daily News (July 25, 2002). http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/07/25/fea01.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Preferential Voting in Australia.”「australianpolitics.com」http://www.australianpolitics.com/voting/systems/preferential.shtmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Preparations underway for Sri Lanka’s Kandy Perahera”(16 June 2005).「Asia Travel Tips. Com」 http://www.asiatraveltips.com/news05/166-SriLanka.shtmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Presidential Election-2005: Sri Lanka.” http://www.sinharaja.com/eElection/elections.aspzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Prevention of Terorism Act.”「Tamilnation.org」http://www.tamilnation.org/srilankalaws/79pta.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Research and Analysis Wing (RAW).”「Federation of American Scientists」http://www.fas.org/irp/world/india/raw/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Research in Sri Lanka.”「Secure Water」http://www.securewater.org/mainphase/srilankacasestudy.aspzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“S. Thondaman dies.”「TamilNet」http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=4140zh_TW
dc.relation.reference丁子江著，〈中美之間異族婚戀的行為和心理分析〉，當代中國研究，第一期(總第64期) (1999年)。 http://www.chinayj.net/StubArticle.asp?issue=990111&total=64#topzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“South Asia Overview,”Patterns of Global Terrorism, 2003 (U.S. Department of States: the Office of Counterterrorism, April 29, 2004). http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2003/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Sri Lanka Caste System.” 「Asia Recipe. Com」http://asiarecipe.com/sricaste.html.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Sri Lanka Election 2004.”「Sri Lanka Election」http://www.srilankaelection.com/composition_of_the_parliament.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Sri Lanka.”「AllRefer.com」http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/sri-lanka/sri-lanka137.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Sri Lanka President Says Neglect Led to Ethnic War”(Apr. 23, 2002). http://www.spur.asn.au/News0204E.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“SRI LANKA`S LAWS─ Sri Lanka Constitution 1978.”「Tamilnation.org」http://tamilnation.org/srilankalaws/78constitution.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Sri Lanka: The Memory of July 1983 Anti-Tamil Pogrom Must Remain High in Sri Lankan Consciousness on Sri Lankan Consciousness and International Consciousness on Sri Lanka.”「Asian Human Rights Commission」http://www.hrsolidarity.net/mainfile.php/1999vol09no10/1916/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Sri Lanka.”「U.S. Library of Congress」http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference“State Terrorism.”「Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia」 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_terrorismzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Tamil Nation Library.”「Tamilnation. org」 http://www.tamilnation.org/books/Eelam/buddhismbetrayed.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference丁詩傳、葛漢文合著，〈對冷戰後民族主義運動的幾點思考〉，現代國際關係，第11期 (2000年)。「International Research the World」http: //www.internationalrelations.cn/Article/poly/200411/468.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference“Tamil United Liberation Front,”Country Studies─Sri Lanka (U. S. Library of Congress). http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/69.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference「Bibliomania.com」http://bibliomania.com/2/3/260/1269/19886/1/frameset.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference「Human Rights Watch」http://hrw.org/reports/2004/srilanka1104/2.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference「People’s Liberation Front」http://www.jvpsrilanka.com/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference「RootsWeb」http://www.rootsweb.com/~lkawgw/tamilcastes.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference「TamilNet」http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=74&artid=8861zh_TW
dc.relation.reference「The Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka」http://www.priu.gov.lk/index.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference「The Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka」http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/ConstitutionalReforms.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference「The University of Texas」http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/islands_oceans_poles/sri_lanka_charts_76.jpgzh_TW
dc.relation.reference方天賜著，〈斯里蘭卡的種族衝突危機〉，南亞研究通訊，No.2 (November 20, 2003)。http://www.future-china.org.tw/e-article/port/f1_2003112103016.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference王蔚著，〈簡論上海合作組織〉。「中國社會科學院俄羅斯東歐中亞研究所」http://www.cass.net.cn/chinese/s24_oys/chinese/News/Subject/Shanghai/2003101415370.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference石之瑜著，〈民族、民族研究、民族主義：兼論作為意識形態的社會科學研究〉，問題與研究，第40卷，第3期 (民國九○年七、八月)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference吳東野著，〈從莫斯科人質事件論恐怖主義和分離主義〉，國政評論 (財團法人國家政策研究基金會，民國九十二年一月六日)。(該文亦刊登於青溪雜誌民國九十二年，元月號)。 http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/CL/092/CL-C-092-010.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference邵峰著，〈民族分離主義與恐怖主義淺析〉，領導之友，第6期 (中國社會科學院世界經濟與政治研究所，2004年)。http://www.iwep.org.cn/zh_TW
dc.relation.reference梁文韜著，〈系絡、原則與社會正義──比較米勒與瓦瑟[華爾澤]的多元主義正義論〉，歐美研究，第三十五卷，第三期 (中央研究院歐美研究所，民國九十四年九月)。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference張顯超著，〈蘇聯聯邦制度之下的烏克蘭、俄羅斯的關係〉，國家政策論壇 (季刊夏季號，民國九十二年四月)。http://www.npf.org.tw/monthly/0302/theme-112.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference韓庭傑著，〈斯里蘭卡邊年史詩〉。「香港佛教聯合會」http://www.hkbuddhist.org/magazine/484/484_16.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference(三) 中文網站目錄zh_TW
dc.relation.reference政來學報(China Academics)，中國吉林省「吉林大學理論法學研究中心」。http://dzl.legaltheory.com.cn/index.aspzh_TW
dc.relation.reference「斯里蘭卡普查與統計局」編匯。「行政區網站」http://www.xzqh.org/waiguo/asia/1023.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference〈大選投票率高達60%，直逼甘迺迪&尼克森對陣紀錄〉(2004.11.02)。「美聯社」http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2004-11-03/11034126862s.shtmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference〈文學史料〉http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/wszl/ouzhou/oz020.aspzh_TW
dc.relation.reference〈本條例草案〉。「香港立法會」 http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr97-98/chinese/bills/c013-c.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference〈西洋神秘學〉http://www.blancoage.com/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E5%AD%B8/mn.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference〈伊斯蘭知識第一冊〉http://www.islam.org.hk/Islamic%20Book/BOOK1/BOOK1CH1.aspzh_TW
dc.relation.reference〈紀念鄭和下西洋600週年海峽兩岸學術研討會〉。「鄭和下西洋600週年紀念活動籌備領導小組辦公室」http://www.moc.gov.cn/zhenghe/haiwai/t20040105_7902.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference〈政治民族主義與文化民族主義〉，專訪法國國際廣播電臺記者陳彥。「百家爭鳴」http://www.boxun.com/hero/anqi/19_1.shtmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference〈第二部福音初臨──唐朝景教〉，中國教會史講義(二)。「上海基督教青年會論壇」http://www.shymca.org.cn/bbs/ShowAnnounce.asp?boardID=2&RootID=3640&ID=3640&skin=zh_TW
dc.relation.reference〈影響未來商業環境的五大關鍵因素〉，摘自麥格羅．希爾新書，〈前言〉，失衡的世界。「商務菁英雙週報」http://www.mcgraw-hill.com.tw/epaper/edm050301-102.php?date=050301zh_TW
dc.relation.reference「中華人民共和國駐斯里蘭卡民主社會主義共和國大使館」http://lk.china-embassy.org/chn/sllkjk/slbrief/t173782.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference「西孟加拉邦」http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/publication2/history/2005/02/PAGE21.htmzh_TW
dc.relation.reference二、英文部分：zh_TW
dc.relation.reference(一) 專書目錄zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceAgnes, Michael E. Webster’s New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition (New York: IDG Books Worldwide, c2001).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceAustin, Dennis. Democracy and Violence in India and Sri Lanka (London: Pinter Publishers, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1994).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceBealey, Frank. The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science (Oxford [England]; Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceBullion, Alan J. India, Sri Lanka and The Tamil Crisis 1976-1994 (London and New York: Pinter, 1995).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceChadda, Maya. Ethnicity, Security, and Separatism in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceChattopadhyaya, H. P. Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka (New Delhi: MD Publications Pvt Ltd; an associate of Prints India, 1994).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDaniel, E. Valentine. Chapters in an Anthropography of Violence: Sri Lanka, Sinhalas, and Tamils (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDe Silva, C. D.“Sinhala-Tamil Ethnic Rivalry: The Background,”From Independence to Statehood: Managing Ethnic Conflict in Five African and Asian States (New York: St. Martin’s, 1984).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDe Silva, Purnaka L.“The Growth of Tamil Paramilitary Nationalisms: Sinhala Chauvinism and Tamil Responses,”Conflict and Community in Contemporary Sri Lanka (New Delhi, Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDe Votta, Neil. Blowback─linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka (California: Stanford University Press, 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDe Votta, Neil.“Ethnolinguistic Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka,”Fighting Words─Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia (England: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; BCSIA, 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceDubey, Swaroop Rani. One Day Revolution in Sri Lanka: Anatomy of 1971 Insurrection (Jaipur: Aalekh Publishers, 1989).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceEller, Jack David. From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict (USA: University of Michigan Press, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceElliott, Florence. A Dictionary of Politics (England: Penguin Books, 1971).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceFinnegan, Edward G., Vadakekalam, Tomas and Finnegan, Marilyn eds. New Webster’s Dictionary of the English language, vol. 2 (Chicago: Consolidated Book Publishers, c1977).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceGoonerate, Yasmine. Relative Merits: A Personal Memoir of the Bandaranaike Family of Sri Lanka (London: C. Hurst, 1986).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceGunaratna, Rahan.“Internationalisation of the Tamil Conflict,”Conflict and Community in Contemporary Sri Lanka (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1999).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceGunasinghe, Newton.“The Open Economy and Its Impact on Ethnic Relations in Sri Lanka,”Economy, Culture, and Civil War in Sri Lanka (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceGurr, Ted Robert. Why Men Rebel (New Jersy: Princeton University Press, 1969).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceGuruge, Ananda. Return to Righteousness: A Collection of Speeches, Essays and Letters of the Anagarika Dharmapala (Colombo: Ministry of Educational and Cultural Affairs, 1965).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceHalliday, Fred.“The Ceylonese Insurrection,”Explosion in a Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Ceylon, ed. Robin Blackburn (England: Penguin Books, 1975).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceHawkesworth, Mary and Kogan, Maurice. Encyclopedia of Government and Politics, Volume 2 (London ; New York : Routledge, 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceHettige, Siri T.“Economic Policy, Changing Opportunities for Youth, and the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka,”Economy, Culture, and Civil War in Sri Lanka (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceJayawardene, Kumari.“Some Aspects of Class and Ethnic Consciousness in Sri Lanka in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries,”Social Scientists Association Ethnicity and Social Change in Sri Lanka (Colombo: Karunaratne & Sons Ltd., 1984).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceJupp, James. Sri Lanka: Third World Democracy (London: Frank Cass, 1978).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMagill, Frank N. International Encyclopedia of Government and Politics, Volume 2 (Singapore: Toppan Company Pte. Ltd.).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceManor, James. The Expedient Utopian: Bandaranaike and Ceylon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMarshall, Monty G. and Gurr, Ted Robert. Peace and Conflict, 2003 (USA: University of Maryland, College Park, 2003).zh_TW
dc.relation.referenceMcLean, Iain. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).zh_TW
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