對股份有限公司董事求償機制之研究

Abstract

如何使企業經營者善盡其責任，為公司治理之重要一環。在此議題上，除建立明確之責任規範，令企業經營者有所遵循外，在其違反法令侵害投資人或利害關係人之權益時，尚需建構一套健全有效之責任追究機制，始能克盡全功。\r\n 本論文基於上述之緣由，從董事與公司間之委任關係為出發，探討董事對內（公司）之責任，就其應盡之善良管理人注意義務與忠實義務，加以討論介紹。繼而探討董事對外之責任，以公司法第23條第2項規定為核心，論究其規範性質為侵權行為責任或法定責任，並討論其適用範圍。又證券交易法於95年1月11日修正增訂第14條之2至第14條之5關於獨立董事之規定，獨立董事之責任與一般董事之責任，有無差異，其責任有無減輕或免除之必要，本論文併加予探討。所謂「防止重於追究」，在董事發生違法行為時，如何能有效的予以制止，應為重要之課題。公司法第194條規定之股東制止請求權，同法第218條之2第2項規定之監察人制止請求權，為重要之規定。董事未聽勸阻，仍繼續違反法令及章程之行為，或董事之行為，已嚴重公司之權益，依公司法第212條規定股東會得決議，對其提起訴訟，依同法第213條規定除股東會另選代表之人外，由監察人代表公司提起。然而股東會多為大股東所把持，董事、監察人多為大股東所支持之人，欲令股東會決議對董事提起訴訟，有實際上之困難。因此，公司法第214條規定繼續一年以上，持有已發行股份總數百分之三以上股東，得請求監察人對董事提起訴訟，監察人於受請求之日起三十日內不提起訴訟時，請求之股東得為公司提起訴訟，此即為股東代表訴訟。但在我國實務上，股東代表訴訟寥寥可數，究其原因為制度上有重大之缺陷，本論文就此綜合各家學說，並參酌外國立法例，加以分析比較之。\r\n 自證券投資人及期貨交易人投資保護法於92年1月1日施行以來，證券投資人及期貨交易人保護中心依該法提起之團體訴訟，蓬勃發展。稍後民事訴訟法於92年2月7日亦修正公布，除修正選定當事人之規定外，並增定第44條之1至第44條之4關於多數人訴訟程序之規定。上開二法制，使同一事件之多數受害人，得利用同一訴訟程序對於加害者進行求償。惟該二法之規定，是否臻於完善，能否達其立法目的，又該二法規定上差異，當事人於程序上如何選擇與交錯運用，本論文試加以分析探討。\r\n 公司法之股東代表訴訟、證券投資人及期貨交易人保護法之團體訴訟及民事訴訟法之多數人訴訟程序之規定，建構對公司董事求償之機制。本論文試綜合各家學說、實務之見解及他國立法例，提出修正建議，期供將來修法及實務運作之參考。

How to make the enterprise directors fulfill the duty is a significant issue for corporate governance. Other than building transparent principles for directors to follow, it’s necessary to establish a pluperfect and efficient mechanism for responsibility enquiry when the director violates the interest of investors or stakeholders in order to accomplish good corporate governance. \r\n Based on above reasons, this thesis introduces the internal responsibility of directors and discusses the good faith and due diligence for directors. Also, this thesis presents the external responsibility of director and discusses the nature and scope of regulation, i.e. legal responsibility or tort, in light of Article 23 section II. The Securities and Exchange Act revised the Article 14-2 to Article14-5 on January.11, 2006. These articles stipulate the responsibility of independent director and other directors. This thesis further discusses whether there is difference between the responsibility of independent director and other directors, or the necessity to mitigate or exempt the duty of independent director.\r\n According to the Company Act Article 194, in case the board of directors decide, by resolution, to commit any act in violation of any law, ordinance or the company`s Articles of Incorporation, any shareholder who has continuously held the shares of the company for a period of one year or longer may request the board of directors to discontinue such act. Article 218-2 stipulated, in case the board of directors or any director commits any act, in carrying out the business operations of the company, in a manner in violation of the laws, regulations, the Articles of Incorporation or the resolutions of the shareholders` meeting, the supervisors shall forthwith advise, by a notice, to the board of directors or the director, as the case may be, to cease such act. These two articles are important statutes for efficiently deterring the illegal conduct of director. According to the Company Act Article 212, the shareholders` meeting shall resolve to institute an action against a director when the director continues illegal conduct. In case of a lawsuit between the company and a director, the supervisor shall act on behalf of the company, unless otherwise provided by law; and the meeting of shareholders may also appoint some other person to act on behalf of the company in a lawsuit. Article 214 also stipulate, shareholder(s) who has/have been continuously holding 3% or more of the total number of the outstanding shares of the company over one year may request in writing the supervisors of the company to institute, for the company, an action against a director of the company. In case the supervisors fails to institute an action within 30 days after having received the request, then the shareholders shall file such request may institute the action for the company. However, the cases filed by shareholder are very rare in our courts. The thesis will analyze foreign legislation to resolve the deficiency of our system.\r\nAfter the Securities Investors and Futures Traders Protection Act became effective on January 1, 2003, Securities and Futures Investors Protection Center filed many class actions on behalf of investors. The Code of Civil Procedure amended and promulgated on February 7, 2003. The amendment revised the party selection clause and added Article 44-1 to 44-4 which is related to class action. The above amendments provide class action for large numbers of people whose cases involve common questions of law and/or fact. This thesis analyzes the difference between the above amendments and examine whether the legislative goal will be achieved by those statues.\r\nThe statutes about class action instituted by representative of shareholders、 Securities Investors and Futures Traders Protection Center or other people set up the mechanism responsibility enquiry of director. This thesis analyzes various theories, case law and legislative regulations of other countries and provides suggestions for amending our law in future.

\"第一章 緒論 ............................................................................................. 1\r\n第一節 研究動機 ............................................................................. 1\r\n第二節 研究範圍、研究方法與論文架構 ..................................... 3\r\n第一項 研究範圍 .................................................................... 3\r\n第二項 研究方法 .................................................................... 4\r\n第三項 論文架構 .................................................................... 4\r\n第二章 公司法上對董事之求償機制 .................................................... 6\r\n第一節 前言 ..................................................................................... 6\r\n第二節 董事責任概論 .................................................................... 7\r\n第一項 董事與公司之關係 .................................................... 7\r\n第二項 董事對內之責任 ...................................................... 10\r\n第一款 適用民法委任關係之義務 .............................. 11\r\n第二款 忠實義務 .......................................................... 11\r\n一、忠實義務概說 .................................................. 11\r\n二、董事會表決權行使之迴避 .............................. 13\r\n三、競業禁止 .......................................................... 16\r\n四、董事自我交易之行為 ...................................... 22\r\n第三款 善良管理人之注意義務 .................................. 26\r\n第四款 董事免責之事由 ............................................. 27\r\n一、董事會中為異議 .............................................. 27\r\n二、經營判斷法則 .................................................. 29\r\n第三項 董事對外之責任 ...................................................... 38\r\n第四項 獨立董事之責任 ...................................................... 47\r\n第一款 公司治理與獨立董事 ...................................... 47\r\n第二款 證券交易法規定之獨立董事 .......................... 50\r\n一、獨立董事之設置 .............................................. 51\r\n二、獨立董事之職務 .............................................. 54 I\r\n三、審計委員會之設置 .......................................... 55\r\n四、審計委員會之職務 .......................................... 57\r\n五、獨立董事之迷思 .............................................. 59\r\n第三款 獨立董事之民事責任 ..................................... 62\r\n一、獨立董事責任之減輕或免除 .......................... 63\r\n二、獨立董事之責任保險 ...................................... 65\r\n三、獨立董事責任之補償 ...................................... 66\r\n第三節 董事違法行為之制止 ....................................................... 67\r\n第一項 股東制止請求權 ...................................................... 67\r\n第二項 監察人制止請求權 .................................................. 73\r\n第四節 監察人代表提起訴訟 ...................................................... 74\r\n第一項 依股東會決議對董事提起訴訟 .............................. 74\r\n第二項 依少數股東請求對董事提起訴訟 .......................... 78\r\n第五節 股東代表訴訟 .................................................................. 79\r\n第一項 概說 .......................................................................... 79\r\n第二項 要件 .......................................................................... 81\r\n第一款 原告當事人適格之要件 .................................. 81\r\n一、持股期間之限制 .............................................. 81\r\n二、持股數之限制 .................................................. 83\r\n第二款 起訴前之程序要件 .......................................... 84\r\n第三項 訴訟之當事人、管轄及訴訟參加 .......................... 87\r\n第四項 濫訴之防止 .............................................................. 91\r\n第一款 起訴股東之擔保 .............................................. 91\r\n第二款 股東敗訴之損害賠償責任 .............................. 92\r\n一、對公司之損害賠償責任 .................................. 92\r\n二、對董事之損害賠償責任 .................................. 93\r\n第五項 股東勝訴時之求償權 .............................................. 93\r\n第六項 現行法之缺失 .......................................................... 94\r\n第一款 持股期間及持股數限制之不當 ...................... 95\r\n第二款 前提程序要件之僵化 ...................................... 97\r\n第三款 未限制訴之捨棄、撤回及和解 ...................... 98 II\r\n第四款 命股東提供擔保之要件不明確 ...................... 99\r\n第五款 損害賠償規定之不協調 ................................ 100\r\n第六款 求償對象及範圍過於狹隘 ............................ 101\r\n第七款 裁判費徵收 .................................................... 102\r\n第八款 法人董事之問題 ............................................ 104\r\n第三章 對董事之團體訴訟 ................................................................ 106\r\n第一節 前言 ................................................................................ 106\r\n第二節 團體訴訟與集體訴訟 .................................................... 108\r\n第一項 德國之團體訴訟制度 ............................................ 108\r\n一、不作為訴訟法等之團體訴訟 ........................ 108\r\n二、投資人示範訴訟 ............................................ 111\r\n第二項 美國之集體訴訟制度 ............................................ 114\r\n第三節 投保法之團體訴訟 ........................................................ 118\r\n第一項 要件 ........................................................................ 119\r\n第一款 訴訟適格之原告為保護機構 ........................ 119\r\n第二款 基於維護公益，在其章程所定目的範圍內120\r\n第三款 造成多數證券投資人受損害之同一證券事件121\r\n第四款 二十人以上之證券投資人授與訴訟實施權 123\r\n第二項 有關訴訟程序上之特別規定 ................................ 130\r\n第一款 訴訟費用部分 ................................................ 130\r\n第二款 保全程序部分 ................................................ 132\r\n第三款 證據開示部分 ................................................ 135\r\n第四款 訴訟權能部分 ................................................ 137\r\n第五款 假執行部分 .................................................... 137\r\n第六款 上訴部分 ........................................................ 139\r\n第三項 投保法團體訴訟確定判決之效力 ........................ 140\r\n第四節 民事訴訟法之多數人訴訟程序 .................................... 146\r\n第一項 一般選定當事人之規定 ........................................ 149\r\n第二項 公益社團法人為選定人 ........................................ 155\r\n第三項 公害等原因事實之擴大選定當事人 .................... 159\r\n第四項 公益法人之不作為訴訟 ........................................ 164 III\r\nIV\r\n第五節 投保法與民事訴訟法規定之差異與交錯運用 ............ 172\r\n第一項 兩者之異同 ............................................................ 172\r\n第一款 當事人與訴訟代理人部分 ............................ 172\r\n第二款 訴訟費用部分 ................................................ 173\r\n第三款 保全程序部分 ................................................ 174\r\n第四款 證據開示部分 ................................................ 174\r\n第五款 訴訟實施權之授與、撤回、加入與訴訟序之進行部分 ........................................................................ 175\r\n第六款 訴訟權能部分 ................................................ 176\r\n第七款 假執行部分 .................................................... 177\r\n第八款 上訴部分 ........................................................ 177\r\n第二項 當事人之程序選擇與程序交錯運用 .................... 178\r\n第四章 修正建議................................................................................. 180\r\n第一節 股東代表訴訟 ................................................................. 180\r\n第二節 投保法之團體訴訟 ......................................................... 189\r\n第三節 民事訴訟法之多數人訴訟程序 ..................................... 197\r\n第五章 結論 ......................................................................................... 200\"