Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32498
題名: 受助者負債感之內涵與其前因後果之探討
以組織內的受助事件為例
作者: 林宜旻
Lin,Yi Min
貢獻者: 陳彰儀
Chen,Chang- I
林宜旻
Lin,Yi Min
關鍵詞: 負債感
人情
情感
角色
回報
日期: 2003
上傳時間: 17-Sep-2009
摘要: 「負債感」是一般人受助後常見的反應,目前有關負債感的研究,大都承襲Greenberg(1980)的負債感理論(theory of indebtedness)並將「負債感」視為單一概念,也就是負債感只有「量」的差別,沒有「質」的差異。為了澄清負債感的內涵,研究一針對八名組織員工進行深度訪談,該研究請受訪者回憶自己過去的受助經驗與感受。研究結果顯示,負債感至少可以區分成三種性質:情感性、工具性及威脅性。從研究一的訪談資料中研究者也發現,人們受助於不同關係(情感水準、角色地位)的施助者,其負債感受似乎不太相同。此外,不同負債感所引發的回報行為似乎也有些許差異。\n承續研究一的發現,研究二與研究三繼續探討受助者的三種負債感與其前因變項(情感水準及角色地位)和後果變項(回報行為)的關係。研究二採用問卷調查法收集組織成員「實際」的受助經驗,有效樣本為259名組織員工。本研究將情感水準區分為「很好」、「普通」與「不好」。「角色地位」分成「主管」、「平行同事」及「部屬」。驗證前因變項與負債感的關係時,本研究採用共變數分析(ANCOVA),獨變項為「情感水準」與「角色地位」,依變項為三種負債感,控制變項為「動機歸因」等八個可能影響負債感的因素。關於負債感與後果變項的關係,本研究以階層複迴歸分析進行研究假設的驗證,預測變項為三種負債感,效標變項為「情感回報」、「等量回報」及「短期回報」,研究二的結果顯示:\n一、負債感與前因變項的關係\n1.「情感水準」在三種負債感都有主要效果。\n2.「角色地位」在情感性負債感有主要效果,但是,在其他兩種負債感的主要效果並未達顯著水準。\n3.「情感水準」與「角色地位」在情感性負債感有交互作用。\n二、負債感與後果變項的關係\n1.情感性負債感與「情感回報」呈正相關,與「等量回報」及「短期回報」無關。\n2.工具性負債感與「情感回報」、「等量回報」及「短期回報」呈正相關。\n3.威脅性負債感與「情感回報」無關,與「等量回報」及「短期回報」呈正相關。\n研究三以「情境故事實驗法」重複驗證研究二的假設,該研究的樣本為455名組織員工。由於研究二的結果顯示,控制變項「動機歸因」與負債感有很大的關聯。因此,研究三除了重複驗證研究二的假設之外,還將動機歸因這個因素一併納入探討。本研究驗證前因變項與負債感的關係時,採用變異數分析(ANOVA),獨變項為「情感水準」、「角色地位」及「動機歸因」,依變項為三種負債感。驗證負債感與後果變項的關係時,是以複迴歸分析進行,預測變項與效標變項同研究二。研究三的結果顯示:\n一、負債感與前因變項的關係\n1.「情感水準」在三種負債感都有主要效果。\n2.「角色地位」在三種負債感的主要效果均未達顯著水準。\n3.「情感水準」與「動機歸因」在情感性及威脅性負債感有交互作用。\n二、負債感與後果變項的關係\n1.情感性負債感與「情感回報」呈正相關,與「等量回報」呈負相關,與「短期回報」無關。\n2.工具性負債感與「情感回報」、「等量回報」及「短期回報」呈正相關。\n3.威脅性負債感與「情感回報」呈負相關,與「等量回報」及「短期回報」呈正相關。\n從以上結果我們可以發現,研究二與研究三的結果大致相似,在研究討論的部分,研究者針對區分三種負債感的合理性及其與前因後果的關係進行討論。最後,對本研究的限制、未來的研究方向與實務應用的建議提出說明。
參考文獻: 一、中文部分
文崇一(1988)。報恩與復仇:交換行為的分析。見楊國樞(主編):中國人的心理。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
危芷芬(2001)。華人的關係類型與人際義務。未出版之博士論文,國立政治大學心理學研究所,台北。
牟斯(Mauss, M. 1954/1984)。禮物:舊社會中交換的形式與功能(何翠萍、汪珍宜譯)。台北:允晨。(原著出版年:1954年)
李美枝(2001)。手足與朋友關係的內涵與功能:從猩種與人種的表現看演化的藍圖與文化的加工。本土心理學研究,16,135-182。
金耀基(1981/1988)。人際關係中人情之分析。見楊國樞(主編):中國人的心理。台北:桂冠圖書公司。(原著出版年:1981年)
邱皓政(2003)。結構方程模式:LISREL的理論、技術與應用。台北:雙葉書廊。
林以正(2001)。本土社會讚許傾向的測量與歷程。華人本土心理學追求卓越計畫,第一年研究成果研討會論文。
陳介玄(1994)協力網絡與生活結構:台灣中小企業的社會經濟分析。台北:聯經。
黃光國(1988)。人情與面子:中國人的權力遊戲。見黃光國(主編):中國人的權力遊戲。台北:巨流圖書公司。
黃光國(1995)。知識與行動:中華文化傳統的社會心理學詮釋。台北:心理出版社。
莊耀嘉(1996)。中國人角色關係的認知結構。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(報告編號:NSC85-2417-H153-001-G6),未出版。
喬健(1993)。人在江湖:略說賽場概念在研究中國人計策行為中的功能。香港:第四屆現代化與中國文化研討會。
楊聯陞(1957/1979)。報:中國社會關係的一個基礎。見段昌國等譯:中國思想與制度論集。台北:聯經。(原著出版年:1957年)
楊國樞(1993)。中國人的社會取向:社會互動的觀點。見楊國樞、余安邦(主編):中國人的心理與行為—理念及方法篇。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
楊國樞(1998)。家族化歷程、泛家族主義及組織管理。見鄭伯壎、黃國隆、郭建志(主編):海峽兩岸之組織與管理。台北:遠流圖書公司。
楊中芳(1988)。價值變遷與送禮行為。見楊國樞(主編):中國人的心理。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
楊中芳(2000)人際關係與人際情感的構念化。本土心理學研究,12,105-179。
翟學偉(1995)。中國人的臉面觀。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
鄭伯壎(1993)。家長權威與領導行為關係之探討。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(報告編號:NSC82-0301-H002-029),未出版。鄭伯壎(1995)。差序格局與華人組織行為。本土心理學研究,3,142-219。
鄭伯壎、周麗芳、樊景立 (2000)。家長式領導:三元模式的建構與測量。本土心理學研究,14,3-64。
劉兆明(1993)。「報」的概念及其在組織研究上的意義。見楊國樞、余安邦(主編):中國人的心理與行為—理念及方法篇(1992)。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
劉兆明(1994)。報與工作動機:基礎理論的建立。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(報告編號:NSC81-0301-H030-505-P1),未出版。
劉兆明(1996)。組織中的情感報:初步的觀點分析。應用心理學報,1,1-34。
樊景立、鄭伯壎 (2000)。華人組織的家長式領導:一項文化觀點的分析。本土心理學研究,13,127-180。
二、英文部分
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 267-299.
Aikawa, A. (1990). Determinants of the magnitude of indebtedness in Japan : A comparison of relative weight of the percipient’s benefits and the donor’s cost. Journal of Psychology, 124(5), 523-533.
Andersen, P. A. (1993). Cognitive schemata in personal relationships. In Duck, S. (Ed.). Individuals in Relationships. London : Sage.
Anderson, C. A., Lepper, M. R., & Ross, L. (1980). The perseverance of social theories : The role of explanation in the persistence of discredited information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1037-1049.
Avila, R. A., Fern, E. F., & Mann, O. K. (1988). Unraveling criteria for assessing the performance of sales people : A causal analysis. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 8, 45-54.
Baldwin, M. W. (1992). Relational schemas and processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 112(3), 461-484.
Baldwin, M. W., & Keelan, J. P. R. (1999). Interpersonal expectations as a function of self-esteem and sex. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, 16(6), 822-833.
Baldwin, M. W., & Main, K. J. (2001). Social anxiety and the cued activation of relational knowledge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27 (12), 1637-1647.
Bar-Tal, D. (1976). Prosocial behavior : Theory and research. Washington:Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
Bar-Tal, D., Bar-Zohar, Y., Greenberg, M. S., Hermon, M. (1977). Reciprocity behavior in the relationship between donor and recipient and between harm-doer and victim. Sociometry, 40(3), 293-298.
Batson, C. D., Dunan, B. D., Ackerman, P., Buckley, T. & Birch, K. (1981). Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 290-302.
Benson, P. L., Karabenick, S. A., & Lerner, R. M. (1976). Pretty pleases : The effects of physical attractiveness, race, and sex on receiving help. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 409-415.
Berger, J., Cohen, B. P., & Morris Zelditch, Jr. (1966). Status characteristics and expectation states. In Berger, J., Morris Zelditch, Jr., & Anderson, B. (Eds.). Sociological theories in progress, vol.1. New York : Houghton Mifflin.
Berger, J., Morris Zelditch, Jr., Anderson, B., & Cohen, B. P (1972). Structural aspects of distributive justice : A status value formulation. In Berger, J., Morris Zelditch, Jr., & Anderson, B. (Eds.). Sociological theories in progress, vol.2. New York : Houghton Mifflin.
Berger, J., Fisek, M. H., Norman, R. Z., & Morris Zelditch, Jr.(1977). Status characteristics and social interaction. New York : Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
Bierhoff, H.W., Klein,R., & Kramp, P. (1991). Evidence for the altruistic personality from data on accident research. Journal of Personality, 59(2) : 263-280.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York : John Wiley and Sons.
Castro, m. A. (1974). Reactions to receiving aid as a function of cost to donor and opportunity to aid. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 194-209.
Chang, H. C., & Holt, G. R. (1994). Debt-repaying mechanism in Chinese relationships : An exploration of the folk concepts of pao and human emotional debt. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27(4), 351-387.
Clark, M. S. (1983). Reactions to aid in communal and exchange relationships. In Fisher, J. D., Nadler, A., & DePaulo, B. M. (Eds.). New directions in helping. (Vol.1). New York : Academic Press.
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1) , 12-24.
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1993). The difference between communal and exchange relationships : What it is and is not. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 684-691.
Clark, M. S., Mills, J. & Corcoran, D. (1989). Keeping track of needs and input of friends and strangers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 15 , 533-542.
Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations : A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13, 46-78.
Darley,J.M.,& Batson,C.D. (1973). From Jerusalem to Jericho : A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27 (1) : 100-108.
De Cooke, P. A. (1992). Children’s understanding of indebtedness as a feature of reciprocal help exchange between peers. Developmental Psychology, 28(5) , 948-954.
De Cooke, P. A. (1997). Children’s perceptions of indebtedness : The help-seeker’s perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20(4) , 699-713.
Depalma, M,T., Madey, S. F., Tillman, T. C., & Wheeler, J. (1999). Perceived patient responsibility and belief in a just world affect helping. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 131-137.
Deutsch, R. M., & Lamberti, D. M. (1986). Does social approval increase helping ? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 149-157.
Dooley, P. A. (1995). Perception of the onset controllability of AIDS and helping judgments : An attributional analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 858-869.
Duck, S. (1993). Individuals in Relationships. London : Sage.
Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A., & Carlo, G. (1999). Consistency and development of prosocial dispositions : A longitudinal study. Child Development, 70, 1360-0372.
Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27, 31-41.
Emswiller, T., Deaux, K., & Willits, J. E. (1971). Similarity, sex, and request for small favors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1, 284-291.
Enzle, M. E., & Schopflocher, D. (1978). Instigation of attributional process by attributional questions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 595-599.
Fisher, J. D., Nadler, A. & Whitcher-Alagna, S. (1982). Recipient reactions to aid. Psychological Bulletin, 91(1), 27-54.
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York : McGraw- Hill.
Foa, U. G. & Foa, E. B. (1974). Social structures of the mind. Springfield, IL : Charles C. Thomas.
George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (2002). Understanding and managing organizational behavior. New Jersey : Prentice Hall.
Gergen, K. J., & Gergen, M. (1971). International assistance from a psychological perspective. Yearbook of World Affairs (Vol.25). London : Institute of World Affairs.
Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity : A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25 ,161-178.
Graham, S., & Barker, G. P. (1990). The down side of help : An attributional- developmental analysis of helping behavior as a low-ability cue. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 7-14.
Greenberg, M.S. (1980). A theory of indebtedness. In Gergen, K. Greenberg, M. S., & Willis, R. H.(Eds.), Social exchange : Advances in theory and research. New York : Plenum Press.
Greenberg, M. S., & Frisch, D. M. (1972). Effect of intentionality on willingness to reciprocate a favor. Journal of Experimental Social psychology, 8, 99-111.
Greenberg. M. S. & Westcott, D. R. (1983). Indebtedness as a mediator of reactions to aid. In Fisher, J. D., Nadler, A., & DePaulo, B. M. (Eds.). New directions in helping. (Vol.1). New York : Academic Press.
Gross, A. E., & Latane, J. (1974). Receiving help, reciprocation, and interpersonal attraction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4,210-223.
Guerin, B. (1999). Children’s intergroup attribution bias for liked and disliked peers. Journal of Social Psychology, 139(5), 583-589.
Hatfield, E. & Sprecher, S. (1983). Equity theory and recipient reactions to aid. In Fisher, J. D., Nadler, A., & DePaulo, B. M. (Eds.). New directions in helping. (Vol.1). New York : Academic Press.
Hatfield, E., Walster, G. W., & Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity : Theory and research. Boston : Allyn and Bacon.
Hedge, A., & Yousif, Y. H.(1992). Effect of urban size, urgency, and cost on helpfulness : A cross-cultural comparison between the United Kingdom and the Sudan. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 23, 107-115.
Hegtvedt, K. A. (1990). The effects of relationship structure on emotional responses to inequity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53(3), 214-228.
Ho, D. Y. F.(何友暉)(1993). Relational orientation in Asian social psychology. In Kim, A. & Berry, J. W. (Eds.). Indigenous Psychology : Research and experience in cultural context. Newbury Park, CA : Sage.
Ho, D. Y. F.(何友暉)(1998). Interpersonal relationships and relationship dominance : An analysis based on methodological relationalism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology,1:1-16.
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s consequences : International differences in work - related values. London : Sage.
Hui,C., Organ ,D. W., & Crooker, K.(1994). Time pressure, type A syndrome, and organizational citizenship behavior :A laboratory experiment. Psychological reports, 75 : 199-208.
Hwang, K.K. (1997), Guanxi and Mientze: Conflict Resolution in Chinese Society. Intercultural Communication Studies, VII, 17-42.
Khanna,R., Singh, P., & Rushton, P.(1993). Development of Hindi version of a self-report altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences.14(1) : 267-270.
Kirkbride, P. S., Tang, S. F. Y., Westwood, R. I. (1991). Chinese conflict preferences and negotiating behaviour : Cultural and Psychological Influences. Organization Studies, 12(3), 365-386.
Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander : Why doesn’t he help ? New York : Appleton-Century Crofts.
Li, F. (1998). Perceived indebtedness : A relational methodological perspective. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Hong Kong.
Liden, R. C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 451-465.
Lynn, M. & Mynier, K. (1993). Effect of sever posture on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 678-685.
MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M. , & Fetter, R. (1991). Organizational citizenship behaviors and objective productivity as determinants of managerial evaluation of salespersons’ performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 123-150.
Maher, K. J. (1995). The role of cognitive load in supervisor attributions of subordinate behavior. In Martinko, M. J. (Ed.). Attribution theory : An organizational perspective. Delray Beach, Florida : St. Lucie Press.
Manne, S. L., & Zautra, A. J. (1990). Couples coping with chronic illness : Women with rheumatoid arthritis and their healthy husbands. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 327-342.
Markus, H. & Zajonc, R. B. (1985). The cognitive perspective in social psychology. In Lindzey, G., & Aronson, E. (Eds.). Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol.1). New York : Random House.
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect ? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2). 249-266.
Miller, J. G. (1994). Cultural diversity in the morality of caring : Individually oriented versus duty-based interpersonal moral code. Cross Cultural Research, 28,3-39.
Nadler, A. (1991). Helping-seeking behavior, psychological cost and instrumental benefits. In M. S. Clark(Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, Vol.12. New York : Sage.
Nadler, A. (2002). Inter-group helping relations as power relations : Maintaining or challenging social dominance between groups through helping. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 487-502.
Nadler, A., Fisher, J.D., & Streufert, S.(1974). The donor’s dilemma : Recipient’s reactions to aid from friend or foe. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4(3), 275-285.
Newsom, J. T. (1999). Another side to caregiving : Negative reactions to being helped. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(6), 183-187.
Newsom, J. T. & Schulz, R. (1998). Caregiving from the recipient’s perspective : Negative reactions to being helped. Health Psychology, 17(2), 172-181.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behaviors : The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA : Lexington Books.
Podsakoff, P. M. , Ahearne, M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behaviors and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 262-270.
Podsakoff, P. M. , MacKenzie, S. B.(1994). Organizational citizenship behaviors and sales units effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research, 3(1), 351-363.
Podsakoff, P. M. , MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors : A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
Pruitt, D. G. (1972). Methods for resolving differences of interest : A theoretical analysis. Journal Social Issues, 28, 133-154.
Redding, S. G. (1990). The spirit of Chinese capitalism. New York : Walter de Gruyter.
Reisenzein, R. (1994). Pleasure-arousal theory and the intensity of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 525-539.
Ridgeway, C. (1991). The social construction of status value : Gender and other nominal characteristics. Social Forces, 70(2), 367-386.
Roloff, M. E. (1987). Communication and reciprocity within intimate relationships. In Roloff, M. E. & Miller, G. R.(Eds.), Interpersonal processes : New directions in communication research. Newbury Park : Sage.
Rosen, S. (1984). Some paradoxical status implications of helping and being helped. In Staub, E. Bar-Tal, D. Karylowski, J., & Reykowski, J. (Ed.). Development and maintenance of prosocial behavior. New York : Plenum.
Schumaker, S. A., & Jackson, J.S. (1979). The aversive effects of nonreciprocated benefits. Social Psychology Quarterly, 41,148-158.
Schwinger, T. (1986). The need principle of distributive justice. In Bierhoff, H. W., Cohen, R. L., Greenberg, J. (Ed.). Justice in Social Relations. New York : Plenum.
Sharabany,R.(1994). Intimate friendship scale : Conceptual underpinnings, psychometric properties and construct validity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11 : 449-469.
Steblay, N. M.(1987). Helping behavior in rural and urban environments : A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 102,346-356.
Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., Sears, D.O.(1997). Social Psychology. New Jersey : Prentice Hall.
Tesser, A. (1968). Some determinants of gratitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(3), 233-236.
Thye, S. R. (2000). A status value theory of power in exchange relationship. American Sociological Review, 65(3), 407-432.
Tuner, J. H. (1988). A theory of social interaction. California : Stanford University Press.
Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon : Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577-585.
Walz, S. M., & Niehoff, B. P. (1996). Organizational citizenship behaviors and their effect on organizational effectiveness in limited-menu restaurants. In Keys, J. B. & Dosier, L.N.(Eds.). Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 307-311.
Wihelm, C., Herd, A., & Steiner, D. (1993). Attribution conflict between managers and subordinates : An investigation of leader-member-exchange effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 531-544.
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology : The new synthesis. Cambridge Mass : Harvard University Press
Worchel, S. (1984). The darker side of helping.In Staub, E. Bar-Tal, D. Karylowski, J., & Reykowski, J. (Ed.). Development and maintenance of prosocial behavior. New York : Plenum.
描述: 博士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
86752501
92
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0867525011
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

Files in This Item:
File Description SizeFormat
52501101.pdf38.75 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
52501102.pdf43.01 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
52501103.pdf46.37 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
52501104.pdf47.79 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
52501105.pdf48.91 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
52501106.pdf118.37 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
52501107.pdf81.83 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
52501108.pdf201.82 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
52501109.pdf113.84 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
52501110.pdf95.8 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
52501111.pdf180.31 kBAdobe PDF2View/Open
Show full item record

Google ScholarTM

Check


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.