Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33712
DC FieldValueLanguage
dc.contributor.advisor趙建民zh_TW
dc.contributor.author張執中zh_TW
dc.creator張執中zh_TW
dc.date2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned2009-09-17T09:57:01Z-
dc.date.available2009-09-17T09:57:01Z-
dc.date.issued2009-09-17T09:57:01Z-
dc.identifierG0086260501en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33712-
dc.description博士zh_TW
dc.description國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description東亞研究所zh_TW
dc.description86260501zh_TW
dc.description91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract本文從「組織內捲化」的角度,評估中共「民主集中制」的運作與政治變遷,檢證精英回應環境變遷所依循的指導方針或組織原則,以及黨組織與國家制度之間的互動。包括:\n\n一、「民主集中制」的規範雖然沒有背離民主原則,但是所訴諸的概念經常隨著黨內路線的轉變而更動,使其實質及運作一直存在爭議性,在研究上也形成一種套套邏輯(tautological):中共的實踐使吾人得以定義民主集中制,若要對照(against)民主集中制則必須評估中共的實踐。\n二、中共建政後,由於黨對選舉有系統的操控,使精英甄補存在明顯的專制性質;而黨與政權的平行發展,使非正式制度與黨的內部規章取代正式規則,導致黨組織逐漸取代國家的權威,也抵消國家權力機關的功能,形成黨與政權內部顛倒的權力關係。\n三、黨國體制的排他性使執政者必須時常面對自我辯護及自我肯定的問題,中共試圖從黨的包容性、黨內民主、梯隊接班到人大功能的提升強化其回應性與代表性。但是在限定的制度框架內,使中共政治改革顯現出對既有制度的延續勝過制度的變遷。\n四、「多數統治」雖然是民主集中制的基本原則,但是在現行制度下如何防止「勝者全拿」(winner-take-all)造成對少數權利的忽視?而執政者在制度設計上摻入強烈的現狀偏好,形成一個穩固、永續的多數派維持意見的高度集中,反而提高政治變遷的難度與防範多數專制的沈默。\n五、中共現行制度結構成為改革所無法迴避的「既定邊界」,組織內捲化使中共在改革過程中面臨「黨性」與「發展」,「法治」與「人治」、「黨管幹部」與「人民民主」,「議行合一」或「三權分立」的衝突,這些問題並不是簡單地藉由兩者的「辯証統一」得以解決,高度的優勢雖然使中共權力得以維持,但也限制其調適能力。\n 「組織內捲化」描繪出中共演化路線「節律失調」(dysrhythmic)的變化過程,包括傳統模式的再生與維持,以及常規化及理性化的機制同內捲力量的衝突。中共試圖透過「民主集中制」在集中與民主、紀律與自由、統一意志與個人心情舒暢之間尋求辯證的統一;但也因為堅持在一黨統治的框架內,使其面臨如戴蒙(Larry Diamond)所提出民主的「三個弔詭」:衝突與認同、代表性與治國能力、同意與效能之間的緊張關係。執政者希望逐步推動民主與法制,但是民主法制的全面開展又削弱黨的支配權,形成兩者難以共存的制度困境。在這過程中所存在的緊張與調適的困難,若只想藉著提出建立兩者間的「辯證統一」關係來解決,實際上只是以不同說法來重述相同的問題。家長制統治與改革之間的困境在於家長制統治刺激改革者,但改革產生於一個家長制環境下;改革者主張法制與制度化,主要是基於他們對家長制與腐敗削弱黨的統治能力的認知。最重要的是,改革是由上而下執行,並限制在現行體制的範圍內,因此改革的執行過程亦由現行的統治模式所形塑。\n 「內捲化」雖然也作為一種革新的形式,只不過這種革新試圖保持現存的結構,透過「修補」或者逐漸將既有操作模式與傳統關係加以合成(elaborate)來解決新問題。中共的組織內捲化,始於最初革命所設定了組織參數,建政後隨著內部的發展而強化,並有限地調整這些參數;緊接著大躍進與文革的震盪,最終破壞了外部行政管理機器,轉而尋求內部資源,強化了內捲模式;而後毛時期的改革,再次對組織形成震盪,其目標在於促成組織的進化發展,然而卻因為改革者對其政治遺產的模糊態度,使發展侷限在「內捲」與「進化」之間。在過去二十年當中,中共威權統治的制度化過程,為邁向更開放的政治體系提供有限的動力,但是對中共政治體制最大的挑戰,來自於舊制度崩解與新制度建立兩股政治走向步調的不均衡,其中組織內捲化的發展凸顯出黨組織內外不同的權威與關係模式,以及正式與非正式運作模式之間的緊張與衝突。\n 若我們回顧西方政黨發展史,正是基於選舉權擴張為政黨多元主義提供環境,也因此中共雖然接受黨內應朝向民主化與制度化的方向發展,但最終仍因為必須鞏固具高度人格化的領導核心所抵消。當黨內民主的機制一直存在無法突破的界限,使黨內民主只成為「維護中央權威」的工具,而非目的;亦使得中共欲藉由「黨內民主」推動「人民民主」的規劃流於原則性的宣示。同樣的,人大功能的提升,在絕大的比例上是建立在憲法規範中法定權力的轉移,即是從人大轉移至常委會;人大的穩定運作,仍是建立在維持非競爭性政黨體系的前提,僅試圖透過提高政權機構的包容性政策(如康曉光所謂「行政吸納政治」)、建立政策合法化與權力的制約,取代多元政治下的權力競爭,這也使得中共一直無法擺脫民主承諾與威權真實性的緊張狀態。\n 當前中共的合法性除了建立在經濟發展的成就,也在於人民可欲選項的缺乏,使黨成為整個政治體系的穩定者;但是社會主義政權在薄弱的責任機制以及缺少外在競爭的壓力,也剝奪了共黨學習適應社會變遷之能力。中共在改革中面臨的一個困境是,它「放權」的底線在哪裡?由於改革的決策總會引進新的行為者與不確定性,使中共在組織與制度上調適的結果,除了試圖進一步鞏固權威,也可能擴大其脆弱性,深恐在變遷的某一關鍵點上遭遇「連續性的斷裂」(breaks of continuity)。因此觀察中共在面對政治改革的議題時,這個自主的中央常顯得迷惑且優柔寡斷,有時甚至追求相互衝突的政策。事實上,對執政的精英而言,政治改革的主要難題首先在於如何應付原有的支持者,其次則是如何對應新秩序的要求者。對第一個難題而言,處於改革中的政治領袖最大的憂慮就是,改革在尚未創造新的支持者之前,就已失去原有的支持者;第二個難題是,改革等於是容許異議者更大的活動空間而帶來更大的挑戰力量,使執政精英的政治權力與利益受到極大威脅。因此,和平的過渡必須建立在不威脅那些有權否決者之利益下,將這個不確定性加以制度化。但問題也在於,當執政者一味以政權的穩定為考量,忽略客觀的經社成長逆轉人們的期望,形成中共主觀意願與人民期待之間的嚴重落差,使外在的改革壓力可能蓋過黨的調適能力而導致分裂。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents目 次\n\n目 次 Ⅰ\n圖表目次 Ⅲ\n\n第一章 導論 1\n第一節 研究主旨 1\n第二節 文獻回顧與研究途徑 3\n第三節 概念界定 20\n第四節 研究架構、研究方法與章節安排 29\n\n第二章 共黨組織內捲化的理論分析 34\n第一節 路徑依循與制度再生產 34\n第二節 共黨的新傳統主義與組織內捲化 42\n第三節 共黨的調適與限制 51\n\n第三章 民主集中制—規範與演化 58\n第一節 「民主集中制」作為黨的組織原則 58\n第二節 從代議政府、巴黎公社到蘇維埃 69\n第三節 民主集中制作為政權的組織原則 78\n\n第四章 一黨專政與制度再生產:民主集中制的變異 89\n第一節 顛倒的權力關係(一):替代主義 91\n第二節 顛倒的權力關係(二):行政權擴張 102\n第三節 政治改革與制度遺產:黨的領導 113\n\n第五章 路徑依循與黨的調適:民主集中制的侷限 133\n第一節 對「民主集中制」的反思 133\n第二節 共黨的調適:包容性與民主機制 142\n第三節 集體領導與核心 152\n第四節 議行合一與分權制衡 166\n\n第六章 結 論 182\n第一節 選舉與民主 182\n第二節 多數原則、多數統治與少數權利 192\n第三節 組織內捲與調適的限制 197\n\n參考文獻 205zh_TW
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dc.language.isoen_US-
dc.source.urihttp://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0086260501en_US
dc.subject組織內捲化zh_TW
dc.subject調適zh_TW
dc.subject中共zh_TW
dc.subject民主集中制zh_TW
dc.title組織內捲與調適:對中共「民主集中制」之評析zh_TW
dc.typethesisen
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dc.relation.reference二、期刊論文zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference王長江,「提出黨同時成為“兩的先鋒隊“,是否意味著中國共產黨將成為“全民黨“?」,中國黨政幹部論壇(北京),2002年3月。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference王軍濤,「一九九○年代中國大陸的新保守主義」,中國事務,第8期,民國91年4月。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference吳介民,「治亂循環?中國的國家—社會關係變化的線索」,發表於中共建政與兩岸分治五十年學術研討會論文。臺北,民國88年。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference金耀基,「中國發展成現代型國家的困境:韋伯學說的一面」,二十一世紀(香港),第67期(2001年10月)。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference奚廣慶,「黨內民主與黨內派別」,求是(北京),1991年第11期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference張執中,「『三個代表』與中共今後政治走向」,歐亞研究通訊,3卷8期,民國89年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference張小軍,「理解中國鄉村內捲化的機制」,二十一世紀(香港),第45期,1998年2月。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference陳敦源,「新制度論的範圍與方法:一個理性選擇觀點的方法論檢視」,行政暨政策學報,第3期,民國90年8月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference寇建文,「中共『幹部年輕化』與政治繼承」,中國大陸研究,44卷5期,民國90年5月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference寇建文,「中共菁英政治的研究途徑與發展」,發表於「中國大陸研究方法與成果」學術研討會。台北:政治大學國際關係研究中心主辦,民國92年4月1-2日。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference崔效輝,「從農民與國家間的關係理解中國農村的內捲化」,二十一世紀(香港),第71期,2002年6月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference強世功,「權力的組織網絡與法律的治理化—馬錫五審判方式與中國法律的新傳統」,北大法律評論(北京),第三卷第二輯,2000年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference康曉光,「未來3-5年中國大陸政治穩定性分析」,戰略與管理(北京),2002年第3期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference康曉光,「90年代中國大陸穩定性研究」,二十一世紀(香港),第72期,2002年8月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference皖河,「利益集團、改革路徑與合法性問題」,戰略與管理(北京),2002年2月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference項啟源,「工人階級的政黨豈能吸收資本家」,真理的追求(北京),2001年第1期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference喻權域,「開國際玩笑—資本家加入共產黨」,真理的追求(北京),2001年第5期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference路風,「單位:一種特殊的社會組織形式」,中國社會科學(北京)。1989年第1期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference路風,「中國單位體制的起源和形成」,中國社會科學季刊(香港)。1993年11月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference溫洽溢,「毛澤東的馬克思主義中國化」,東亞季刊,28卷2期,民國86年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference楊開煌,「中共『十六大』之接班與人事安排—內在邏輯之探討」,遠景基金會季刊,3卷3期,民國91年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference楊開雲、劉子琦,「權力菁英流動與威權體制『轉型』—從『新制度論』的觀點反省一個認識論的問題」,東海學報,39卷5期,民國87年。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference齊墨,「六四前大陸學者關於『新權威主義』的論戰」,中國大陸研究,34卷10期,民國80年10月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference趙建民,「中共研究中的『利益團體』研究法」,國立政治大學中山社會科學期刊,第1期,民國79年6月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference趙建民,「黨國體制下黨與立法機構關係的若干思考—中國大陸個案分析」,中國大陸研究,42卷9期,民國88年9月。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference雒樹剛,「民主集中制是馬克思主義政黨的根本組織原則—兼評胡績偉同志關於黨內應當”形成不同派別、不同路線”的觀點」,求是(北京),1990年第16期。zh_TW
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dc.relation.reference貳、英文部份zh_TW
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