兩岸兵役制度對國家安全之影響

Abstract

兩岸兵役制度的演變，雖然每一時期或階段不盡相同，但亦有其可變性與不可變性的本質。惟其差異與特色乃反映出，當時期兩岸互動、國內外政、經、軍形勢發展、假想敵能力、人口政策與民意及輿論的需要。\n 國家安全並非是一種靜態的概念，而是隨著時間之動態不斷的演進。因此，國際社會已將「國家安全」擴展成為綜合性安全。是以，就國防安全而言，兵役制度政策對軍事產生的效能外，同時也會影響、牽引到橫向的政治、經濟等安全戰略的目標與運作。\n 首先，在政治方面，徵兵制的兵役制度近來不斷地成為民意與輿論熱門議題，除了影響國軍建軍備戰工作外，亦影響到為國服務、犧牲的意願及國家生存與發展的安全。惟該等議題之爭議實已點出國人對「政府正當性支配」、「流通性」管道阻塞、兵役法的適法性與國家認同等疑慮。\n 其次，在經濟方面，徵兵制造成役男役前、役後的高失業率，除衍生出新的社會問題外，也造成附加價值高的勞動力閒置，而不利國家經濟發展與競爭力。在成本效益及國家財政支出上，徵兵制較募兵制所費不貲，其因在於訓練頻繁及人力資源運用缺乏彈性，導致人才錯置，難以人盡其才，阻礙工作效能與部隊戰力的提升。\n 最後，在軍事方面，徵兵制與募兵制對於軍隊屬性（攻勢或守勢）、兵力需求（傳統或高科技）、兵員素質（高技術、多專長）、社會工程（公民素養）、文人統制（軍文關係）與軍方籓籬（特殊階級、文化）等等議題，有著舉足輕重的影響力。然而，對我國而言，要順利漸進降低徵兵比例，提昇募兵比例，則需良好的兩岸關係、適當的規劃時間予以轉型、武器裝備的更新、準則的發展與修訂、訓練方式的改變與相關兵役制度配套措施循序漸進的執行，才能圓滿克竟其功，達到預期的目標。

Although each period or stage of the cross-strait military service system evolution is not quite the same, but it still has the changeable and unchangeable essence. The differences and characteristics between them reflect the cross-strait interaction, development of domestic and diplomatic political, economical and military affairs, imaginary enemy ability, population policy and the need of public opinion at that time.\n The national security is not a static concept, but it is a process of unceasing evolution along with the time. Therefore, the international society has expanded the meaning of \"the national security\" into “the comprehensive security”. That is, for national defense security, except the efficacy brought by military service system policy to the armed forces, it can affect the goal and operation of crosswise political, economical security strategy as well in the meantime.\n First, in political aspect, conscription of the military service system continuously becomes popular subject of the public discussion these years, this kind of phenomenon influences not only the foundation in armed forces and preparation for war of the national troops, but also the wish to serve and sacrifice for the country, even influences the security of national survival and development. Only this dispute of the subject pointed out the qualms of our countrymen in \"the government reasonable control\", \"circulation channel obstruction”,” the legality of military service law” and “ the recognition of our country”.\n Second, in the economical aspect, the conscription made the high rate of unemployment of our servicemen before or after service, then new social problem came out, highly appended value labor force left unused, these are all disadvantages for national economy development and competitive ability.\n Finally, in the military aspect, conscription and enlistingsystem have played a decisive role in the army attribute (offensive or defensive), the military strength demand (tradition or high tech), the soldier quality (high-tech, multi- specialties), the social engineering (citizen accomplishment), the civil governance (military and civilian relations) with the military hedge (special social class, culture) and so on. However, it also need steady cross-strait relations, suitable schedule for the reforms, weaponry renewal, development and revision of the criterion, change of the training method and the necessary measure of correlation military service system proceeded in an orderly way, for our country to gradually and smoothly reduces the proportion of conscription, increases the proportion of enlisting,and at last reach the anticipated and satisfactory goal.