對中國石油安全戰略發展之研究

Abstract

摘 要\n\n隨著經濟發展和人均收入水平的提高，中國的石油消費逐年增加，從1993年起成為石油淨進口國後，石油的對外依存度即逐年升高，直至2003年更成為世界第二大石油進口國和消費國。由於石油屬國家戰略物資，所以石油供應安全已成為影響中國經濟崛起和國家發展的戰略問題。由於持續的經濟發展對中國而言，對內是維繫共產政權，爭取民眾對於一黨專政政治體制認同主要法器，對外更是緩和與週邊國家關係，反制西方國家和平演變長期戰略的主要對策，所以能源問題不僅關係其經濟的興衰，更觸國內政治與國際關係的穩定。但中國現階段能源中的主項―石油，不但內部有油源枯竭、對外依存度過高問題，更有來自外部的油價飆漲、通路安全脆弱、油源遭大國牽制等諸多問題，使得石油安全形勢更顯嚴峻。\n中國為解決現存石油安全問題，所研提出的戰略框架主要係以「收支系統」、「運儲體系」與「替代開發」三大安全架構組成，此三大架構主要政策內涵括：加強國內石油勘探開發，開發利用天然氣，實行進口原油多元化，「走出去」開發海外資源，建立國家石油儲備，節約用油並開發油氣替代能源等，進一步擴大能源貿易和投資的開放程度，充分利用國內外兩種資源、兩個市場，構築新世紀中國能源安全體系等等。\n中國目前雖積極推行既定石油安全戰略，但預期未來仍將揹負政府職能不彰、國企壟斷、低耗能產業發展不易等內部包袱隱憂及外部的國際市場競爭、美國地緣戰略包圍、通路安全威脅、與南海爭議等等諸多問題與挑戰。然就國際體系而言，若單以國際間權力平衡角度觀之，中國不斷對外積極要油，除導致國際石油油價節節上揚外，亦將使國際石油競爭愈加白熱化；惟若在經濟全球化利益臍帶的連動因素牽引下，中國的石油安全戰略應可供給支援國內經濟發展最低要求準位，因而對其戰略發展可視為成功。\n最後本文認為，中國未來石油戰略發展對外政策近程仍是以爭取傳統中東油源區穩定供給為主要目標，中程則以爭取與俄羅斯遠東及中亞□海地區合作為主要著演、長程目標則覬覦東海及東南海域油區的爭奪與開發。另從國家間權力平衡的本質與經濟全球化的必然發展，導出未來油源控制國與中國在石油供給間所形成「門派師徒」模型，並從此模型中，預判未來各油源控制國對中國將是採「互利不互信、掌握制油權」的姿態反應，而中國則以「擴大合作面，增強影響力」相對，並且在國家追求利益的前提下，為確保其能源版圖的完整，在跨世紀後必然邁向遠洋建軍戰備，以軍事大國的姿態，爭取維護石油供需平衡之主導權。

Though China has actively promoted the oil security strategy, it will face many internal and external problems and challenges such as inefficient bureaucracy, monopolization of states-owned enterprises, difficulty of developing low energy-consuming industry, competition from international markets, America`s geographic strategic containment, conveyance threat, and South China Sea disputes. In the view of the balance of international powers, that China seeks for foreign oil supply causes not only the increase of the international oil price, but also the keen competition of oil obtaining. However, from the angle of economic globalization, China`s oil security strategy could have met its lowest demand of domestic economy development, and can be regarded as a success in terms of its strategic development.\nThe conclusion of this research is: In the short term, the Middle East is still the first priority for China to obtain the oil supply; in the middle term, China will strive for cooperation with Russia and the central Asia; and in the long term, China will covet the oil field in the Eastern Sea and the Southeast Sea. In addition, from the nature of international power balance and the development of the economical globalization, we propose the “Master-Disciple model.” With this model, we forecast that the attitude of oil supply countries to China will be “mutual benefit but not mutual trust, and to control the supremacy of oil supply.” On the other side, the response of China will be “to expand the cooperative scope and influence.” Under the condition to pursue its national benefits, China will be heading for the military preparation toward the blue sea and fighting for the leading role to balance the oil supply and demand as a military\npowder in order to completely control the oil supply.\n\nWith the economic development and the average income increase, China`s oil consumption has been growing year by year. Ever since it became an oil net import country in 1993, china`s dependence on foreign supply has been rising annually; till 2003. China had became the second largest oil importing and consuming country in the world.\nSince the oil is a. strategic material, the oil supply security has become a strategic issue which affects China`s economic growth and national development. To china, sustainable economic development is not only the tool to maintain the communist regime and earn the recognition from the public for the mono-party political system, but also a strategy to ease the tense relationship with its neighboring countries and defend itself from the peaceful reforming strategy implemented by the western countries. However, the problems such as China`s domestic oil exhaustion, high dependence on foreign supply and international skyrocketing oil price, the vulnerable conveyance; and the oil source controlled by the super powers have\nseverely endangered china`s oil security.\nTo solve the existing oil security problems, China has built the strategic framework consisted of three security components: Revenue and Expenditure System, Conveyance and Storage System, Substitute Development, to reinforce oil exploration, exploit and make use of nature gas, import the crude from diversified countries, exploit foreign resources, build national oil-bearing structure, use oil carefully and develop substitute energy, expand energy trading and investment, and fully utilize The two resources and markets of domestic and overseas, so as to help China build the energy security\nsystem in the new era.