兩岸公務人員考選制度之比較研究

Abstract

就政府機關而言，公務人力素質之良寙對工作績效與競爭力的提升有密切關聯，而考選則居於人力素質把關的第一線，因此做好公務人員的入口關乃是現代化國家健全文官體制的首要課題。從而公務人員考選的目的即是運用最佳的考試技術與方法，藉以選拔具有一定的知識、技術與能力的人才，以符合用人機關工作職位的需求。\n兩岸雖同文同種，但彼此因政治制度及意識形態的不同，導致考選制度有顯著的差異，因此本論文從兩岸的考選法制及考選技術深入探討及比較分析，發現我國公務人員考選制度已落實功績制，而中華人民共和國仍強調「堅持黨管幹部原則」，因此無論考選法規的訂定或考選技術的施行，均無法擺脫以「中國共產黨」利益為優先的陰影，再者戶口限制人民報考機會，且辦理考試機關常是有法不依，或藉口試（面試）機會挑選政治條件好、思想純正、品德優良人員，是以兩岸公務人員考選之公正性與公平性仍有落差。又中華人民共和國公務人員考選對少數民族及退伍軍人之優惠措施遠不及我國針對原住民族及退除役軍人舉辦特種考試，再者體格檢查標準嚴格，殘疾人士並無參加考試的機會，不若我國為身心障礙者參加考試提供各種照護措施，並舉辦身心障礙人員特種考試。\n兩岸公務人員考試均呈現激烈競爭的場面，除要嚴守公正、公平公開的原則，更要彰顯考試的效度與信度，故口試要朝結構化進行，筆試要測試核心工作能力之科目，並建立質優量大的題庫試題，俾能達成評鑑與預測的目的。\n關鍵字：考選制度、公務人員考選法制、考選技術

For government agencies, a close relationship exists between the professional quality of civil servants and the enhancement of job performance and competitiveness. As recruitment is the front line of human resources quality control, ensuring that this entry point is optimized is an issue of primary importance for modern countries aiming to improve their public service systems. It follows that the objective of recruitment procedures is to use the best examination techniques and methodology so as to select personnel with the most suitable knowledge, skills and abilities to meet the needs of employing agencies for the vacancies they aim to fill. \nEven though the people of Taiwan and China are of the same general ethnicity and use the same language, the political systems and prevailing ideologies on either side of the Taiwan Strait are different and this leads to there being clear differences in the respective civil service recruitment systems. This study looks at the systems and techniques used in the two territories for civil service recruitment and, through a comparative analysis, shows that while Taiwan has put in place a merit system, the People’s Republic of China still emphasizes the “subordination of all cadres to the leadership of the Party”. This means that the interests of the Chinese Communist Party cast an inescapable shadow over both the pertinent legislation and the practical recruitment techniques in use. In addition, citizens’ opportunities to take examinations are subject to restrictions related to identity and household origin, while agencies conducting such examinations often ignore procedures set out in law, or rely on oral testing (interviews) to select persons with the right political stance, correct thinking and good morals. In terms of impartiality and fairness, therefore, there is some difference between the recruitment systems in operation on either side of the Strait. The preferential measures put in place by the PRC in favor of the country’s ethnic minorities and retired military personnel in the context of civil service recruitment are far from matching Taiwan’s system of Special Examinations for indigenous persons and military personnel transferring to the civil service, while physical fitness requirements in China are strict and disabled persons do not have opportunities to take civil service examinations. This contrasts with Taiwan where many facilities are provided for the convenience of disabled examinees and a specific Special Examination for the Disabled is also administered. \nIn both territories, civil service examinations feature intense competition, and while the principles of impartiality and fair openness are paramount, it is even more important that recruitment procedures demonstrate effectiveness and credibility. Accordingly, oral tests should be conducted in a structured manner, written examinations should address subjects pertinent to the core abilities of the job in question, and question banks should be maintained with a high volume of items of high quality. Such steps further the ultimate testing goals of appraisal and pre-assessment of candidate suitability for civil service employment. \n\nKeywords: recruitment systems, civil service recruitment law, examination and recruitment technology