中國大陸社會保障體制下的醫療保險改革

Abstract

一個國家要維持正常穩定的運作狀態，作全面性的有效管理，是立足於現代社會環境的必要條件。如何建立一個低風險、高水準的生活環境與社會保障（Social Security）體制，是現代社會中急切而且必要的措施。\r\n 在各項社會保障體制下，醫療保險的保障範圍最大、內容最繁複，且攸關人民健康與生命最密切，世界各國均非常重視。中共在建政之初，醫療制度由國家包攬，由於缺乏成本概念，加上管理制度不健全，造成許多醫藥資源浪費，使國家財政難以負擔。改革開放後，隨著經濟體制的轉軌，原有計劃經濟體制下的醫療保險已不合時宜，因而於1998年正式將以往之醫療保險做全新的變革，由於中國大陸地大人多，各地在醫療改革上的重點及進度不一，且實行上都未臻完善，然改革目標卻是一致的。為配合醫療保險制度的完善，中共政府除於1998年頒訂醫療保險改革措施外，複於2000年推出醫藥衛生體制改革措施與之配套，期能「在醫療保險制度改革中引入分擔機制；在醫藥衛生體制改革中引入競爭機制」。而於其醫療改革實施方式中，多處可見其參酌國外觀念與台灣全民健康保險之蹤影存在。\r\n 在連串的試點、擴充改革範圍的執行下，中國大陸一方面發展其既定之改革與配套措施，一方面也面臨許多執行上的瓶頸。然而無可否認的，隨著中國大陸加入WTO，外來醫療資源的進入，對中國大陸醫療相關產業與社會發展造成相當的刺激。中國大陸在躋身國際，走入全球化的腳步中，對於本身特殊條件造成的醫療改革缺點與障礙必須努力排除，否則其與世界的接軌，將因內部貧富不均等社會因素所造成的社會不穩定而功虧一簣。本論文在對中國大陸醫療改革措施的肯定與鼓勵之同時，亦針對轉軌中的改革政策及執行缺失提出檢討。\r\n 關鍵辭：社會保障、醫療保險、醫療改革、全民健康保險

Overall and effective management is indispensable to a nation to assure sound and secure operation. How to set up a low risk, high level social security system is the very essential for the society today.\r\n Under all sorts of social security systems, medical insurance offers the largest coverage and most complicated contents. Such medical insurance is closely related to nationals` health and assurance of life. In People`s Republic of China, the medical system was provided by the nation in package in the initial phase after it came into being. With lack in cost concept and unsound managerial systems, they have undergone critical waste in medical resources, leading to heavy burden to the nation. After People`s Republic of China launched the reform and open-door policy, the economic systems have been restructured. The previous medical insurance system under planned economy no longer oriented itself to the trends. In 1998, therefore, it launched an overall reform. With vast territories and huge number of population, the medical reforms have been launched in varied highlights and paces, not satisfactorily though they have all aimed at the same objectives. The PRC government launched the medical reform in 1998 and further worked out the supporting package for the medical and health system reform in 2000 in an effort to \"bring in sharing instrument in the medical insurance reform and bring in competition instrument in the medical & health system reform\". In the medical reform, foreign concepts and the National Health Insurance launched in Taiwan have been significantly seen.\r\n In the series of tests and expansions. People`s Republic of China has launched the established reform policies on the one hand and run into significant bottlenecks on the other. Undeniably, anyway, with foreign medical resources pouring in in the wake of the WTO admission, the business lines and society in China have undergone tremendous stimulation. In the pace of playing a pivotal role in the global village, China must try by all means to remove the stumbling blocks on the way of medical reform otherwise the significant gaps between the rich and the poor and such social problems must ruin the entire efforts. This thesis focuses on the reassessment on the shortcoming China has undergone in enforcement of the policies while approving the praiseworthy performance in the medical reform.\r\n Key words: Social security, medical insurance, medical reform, National Health Insurance