IC卡應用發展趨勢之研究

Abstract

隨著IC卡的使用，它正深深地影響著我們的未來生活方式，其應用發展趨勢也是值得我們重視的課題。本研究主要從「IC智慧卡成為主流的資訊載具」、「我國內政部、衛生署、交通部及財政部等中央各部，對IC卡之應用發展各擁管轄範圍且各自發展」、「民間業者各自引進或發行電子現金儲值卡」等三方面，說明其可能造成的結果及相關重要課題，以作為本研究之動機。\r\n\r\n本研究從我國IC卡應用發展相關文獻中，搜集和本研究主題較相關者，提出IC卡票證整合、IC卡安全整合機制及IC卡規模經濟等值得研究課題，以作為進行IC卡應用發展趨勢研究之參考。\r\n\r\n對於IC卡目前應用發展現況，本研究主要說明政府推動國民卡的沿革、政府推動自然人憑證的沿革、政府推動健保IC卡沿革及交通IC票卡目前應用發展，以利了解我國IC卡目前應用發展現況。\r\n\r\n針對交通IC票卡，本研究說明北、中、南各地區電子票證IC智慧卡應用發展，包括悠遊卡、台中ｅ卡通、Taiwan Money Card等，後續說明IC票卡規格發展及交通IC票卡系統架構發展，以更深入了解交通IC票卡目前應用發展現況。\r\n\r\n本研究針對IC卡應用發展問題，進行更深入的分析，主要論述面向，包括技術面(IC卡規格、IC卡系統架構) 、法令面(IC卡法令規定)、經營管理面(含IC卡管理組織、發行、經營模式)等方面，以發掘問題，分析問題及提出解決策略。\r\n\r\n本研究針對所提出之解決策略，予以聚焦，以提出更關鍵的解決策略，包括：(一)技術面：1.建立IC卡共同憑證。2.建立IC卡安全認證。3.建立IC卡整合架構。(二)法律面：1.修改銀行法及交通運輸相關法規中不合IC卡現有運作之規定。2.增訂電子票證法規。(三)經營管理面：1.建立規模經濟發卡量。2.建立IC卡發卡機構經營模式。 3.建立憑證認證機構公信力。4.建立IC卡資訊交換中心。\r\n\r\n本研究針對三個構面，提出核心解決策略為「一卡通用」及其整體解決架構及實施步驟，且對整體解決策略之構想方案，提出IC卡卡片規格整合矩陣架構圖，以找出更為適當的IC卡規格方案，該矩陣架構圖，以「共同憑證一卡整合」及「多憑證一卡整合」二構面為縱軸，及「IC卡規格中不存放各類別資料」和「IC卡規格中存放各類別資料」二構面為橫軸，提出四種IC卡片規格整合架構，並列出其優缺點，經研析後，本研究建議初期以具有共同憑證及各類別憑證但不存放各類別資料之架構，作為一卡通用整合規格初期架構，稱為「IC卡共同多憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合」，最後本研究提出長期一卡通用願景，以「IC卡共同憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合」為目標。\r\n\r\n本研究之結論為：1.我國各類別IC卡規格各行其道，未有整合前瞻性。2.各產業IC卡系統運作架構未整合，導致我們卡滿為患。3.IC卡應用發展於法律面應積極訂定「交通運輸業電子票證法」。4.「非銀行不得發行現金儲值卡」已超越母法規定應修法。5.IC票卡發行機構透過銀行發卡可享有發卡權利金等商機。6.建立IC票卡資訊中心作為全台IC票卡整合運作中心。7.IC票卡業者透過整合可增加發卡量，共創雙贏。8.IC卡於技術面應發展整合技術，以達成一卡通用目標。9.IC卡一卡通用宜建立IC卡資訊交換中心及憑證整合認證中心。10.IC卡一卡通用宜建立整體解決架構之實施步驟。11.IC卡一卡通用卡片規格整合可建立矩陣架構圖，以利分析。12.IC卡一卡通用共同憑證之運作於技術上為可行方案。\r\n\r\n最後建議未來可持續探討之課題：1.IC卡一卡通用宜建立認證API(Application Programming Interface)程式介面及標準作業程序。2.IC卡一卡通用宜建立憑證整合認證中心及資訊中心之經營模式。3.IC卡一卡通用宜評估對IC卡產業及憑證認證產業之衝擊。

A study of trends in the applications and developments of IC cards\r\n\r\nThe IC card is being used widely and it will deeply affect our future living mode. Therefore, trends in its applications and developments have become important subjects of study.\r\n\r\nThis research explores the possible outcome and related important subjects for the utilization of IC card, based on the following three propositions.\r\n\r\n1. The IC card is one of the modern world’s primary information media.\r\n2. Government units such as the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, the Ministry of Finance ROC, the Department of Health and the Executive Yuan ROC all have jurisdiction over the development and control of development and potential applications of the IC card.\r\n3. Private enterprises have introduced or developed electronic cash-stored cards.\r\n\r\nThe information related to the research subject was collected from the relevant literatures in regard to the applications and developments of IC card in Taiwan, presenting the current safety and integration mechanism of IC ticket cards and the economical magnitude of IC card use, which are both topics that should be taken into consideration in the study of the applications and developments of IC cards.\r\n\r\nBased on the current situation of the applications and developments for IC cards, the main purpose of this research is to show the evolution of IC cards promoted by the our government, including National Card, Citizen Digital Certificate IC Card, National Health Insurance IC Card, as well as current applications and developments of the Transportation IC Card, in order to help understand the current situation for the applications and developments for existing IC cards in Taiwan.\r\n\r\nIn the Transportation sector, this research shows the applications and developments of various IC smart cards in north, central and south Taiwan, i.e. Easy Card, Taichung e-Cartoon Ticket Card and Taiwan Money Card. It also shows the development of the specification for IC Ticket Cards as well as the development of Transportation IC Cards’ systematic infrastructure, in order to help understand the present situation for the applications and developments of a Transportation IC Card.\r\n\r\nThis research is an analysis of IC card’s applications and developments, covering technical issues (specification and systematic framework of IC card), legislation issues (laws and regulations for IC Card), management issues (operation and administration, release and business model for IC cards), so as to discover and analyze the possible problems as well as propose solutions.\r\n\r\nFocusing on strategies for finding solutions, presenting more critical strategies for IC Cards, consisting of:\r\n1. Technical:\r\n(1) To establish a common certificate\r\n(2) To establish safety authentication\r\n(3) To establish integration infrastructure\r\n\r\n2. Legislation:\r\n(1) To revise the Banking Law as well as the laws and regulations relating to public transportation, which are not suitable for the existing operations\r\n(2) To revise and augment the laws and regulations for electronic tickets\r\n\r\n3. Management:\r\n(1) To establish an economic circulation of scale\r\n(2) To establish the management pattern for card-issuing organization\r\n(3) To establish public credibility for a certificate authentication organization\r\n(4) To establish information interchange center\r\n\r\nTo consolidate the above-mentioned three areas, this research proposes a core strategic solution – the concept of “one card for common use (All-in-One Card)” along with integrated solution scheme and operation steps. In addition, for an overall solution strategic plan, in this research it also presents a matrix composition for the integration of specifications to discover a more applicable specification scheme for the IC card. The matrix composition is proposed in four types of framework of specification integration with a file of advantages/disadvantages, based on the concept of X, Y coordinate system – X axis being “One Card integrated with Common Certificate” and “One Card integrated with Multi-Certificates”, Y axis being “No data deposited in the IC card specification” and “All sorts of data deposited in the IC the card specification”.\r\n\r\nThrough detailed research and analysis, it is suggested that at the primary stage, to create the “One card for common use” with an integration of “Common Certificate and Multi-Certificates but no data depositing in the IC card specification”, which is called “One card with common and multi-certificates but no any data deposited in the specification.” The long-term goal will be to achieve “One card with common certificate only and no data deposited in the card specification” for long-term use.\r\n\r\n\r\nConclusions:\r\n\r\n1. In this country, various IC cards have their own specifications and there is still no prospect for integration.\r\n\r\n2. The IC card system being used by different industries is still not being integrated, so the market is full of different IC cards.\r\n\r\n3. The enactment of the “law on electronic tickets” should be pursued more vigorously for the IC card applications and developments.\r\n\r\n4. The stipulation of “A non-bank may not issue a stored value card” might have overtaken the stipulation of “Banking Act”. It should be amended.\r\n\r\n5. So long as the IC Ticket Card agency issues IC cards through a bank, the agency will possess the business opportunity of charging the bank a card-issuing fee.\r\n\r\n6. To establish an IC Ticket Card information center to integrate the operation of the many IC ticket cards using in Taiwan area.\r\n\r\n7. It will be a win-win situation, if IC ticket card operations can be integrated, and this will increase card-issuing quantity as well.\r\n\r\n8. On the technical front, integration technology for IC cards should be developed in order to achieve the goal of an “All-in-One Card”.\r\n\r\n9. An “IC Card Information Interchange Center” and an “Authentication Center of Certificate Integration” for the “All-in-One Card” should be established.\r\n\r\n10. A standardized operational procedure should be established for an overall solution to the “All-in-One IC Card”.\r\n\r\n11. The integration of the specifications of the “All-in-One IC Card” can be done through a matrix composition to assist analysis.\r\n\r\n12. Technically, an “All-in-One IC Card” with “Common Certificate” is a feasible plan.\r\n\r\nIn the end, this research also offers suggestion on valuable topics that can be the subject of continued discussion in the future:\r\n1. “All-in-One IC Cards” should have an authentication with API (Application Programming Interface) program as well as a standard operational procedure.\r\n\r\n2. A business model for “IC Card Information Center” and “Authentication Center of Certificate Integration” should be established.\r\n\r\n3. An evaluation of the impact on the IC card industry and the certificate authentication industry should be made.

第一章 緒論...................................................1\r\n第一節 研究背景...............................................1\r\n第二節 研究動機...............................................1\r\n壹、 IC卡成為主流的資訊載具...................................1\r\n貳、 我國中央各部會對IC卡之應用發展各擁管轄範圍且各自發展.....1\r\n參、 民間業者各自引進或發行電子現金儲值卡.....................4\r\n肆、 小結.....................................................4\r\n第三節 研究目的...............................................5\r\n第四節 研究步驟...............................................6\r\n第二章 文獻探討...............................................7\r\n第一節 IC卡產品概觀...........................................7\r\n壹、 IC卡的歷史...............................................7\r\n貳、 IC卡的基本概要...........................................9\r\n參、 IC卡的種類..............................................15\r\n肆、 IC卡的特性..............................................21\r\n伍、 IC卡的應用範圍..........................................23\r\n陸、 IC卡相關標準............................................24\r\n柒、 IC卡相關產品............................................29\r\n第二節 IC卡應用發展趨勢文獻回顧..............................37\r\n壹、IC卡應用發展趨勢文獻推論與實證比較.......................38\r\n第三章 IC卡目前應用發展現況..................................42\r\n第一節 政府推動國民卡的沿革..................................42\r\n壹、 緣起....................................................42\r\n貳、 國民卡推動的依據........................................43\r\n参、 國民卡推動組織的設立及任務..............................44\r\n肆、 國民卡推動大事紀要......................................44\r\n伍、 反國民卡之分析質疑......................................45\r\n陸、 政府對國民卡計畫案被糾正之說明..........................46\r\n柒、 小結....................................................47\r\n第二節 政府推動自然人憑證的沿革..............................51\r\n壹、 自然人憑證概觀..........................................51\r\n貳、 自然人憑證推動背景......................................52\r\n參、 憑證管理中心組織及架構..................................54\r\n肆、 推動計畫及經費：........................................54\r\n伍、 辦理效益................................................55\r\n陸、 自然人憑證之應用服務....................................55\r\n柒、 自然人憑證大事紀要......................................58\r\n捌、 小結....................................................58\r\n第三節 政府推動健保IC卡沿革..................................60\r\n壹、 健保IC卡的意義與功能....................................60\r\n貳、 認識健保IC卡............................................61\r\n參、 健保IC卡安全機制........................................63\r\n肆、 醫療憑證管理中心........................................67\r\n伍、 健保IC卡實施效益........................................68\r\n陸、 政府推動健保IC卡大事紀要................................69\r\n柒、 小結....................................................69\r\n第四節 交通IC票卡目前應用發展................................70\r\n壹、 緒論....................................................70\r\n貳、 北部地區電子票證IC智慧卡應用發展－悠遊卡................71\r\n參、 中部地區電子票證IC智慧卡應用發展－台中ｅ卡通............76\r\n肆、 南部地區電子票證IC智慧卡應用發展－Taiwan Money Card.....79\r\n伍、 IC票卡規格發展..........................................82\r\n陸、 交通IC票卡系統架構發展..................................93\r\n柒、 小結...................................................104\r\n第四章 IC卡目前之問題分析...................................107\r\n第一節 技術面問題...........................................107\r\n壹、 IC卡規格問題...........................................107\r\n貳、 IC卡系統運作架構問題...................................109\r\n参、 小結...................................................111\r\n第二節 法律面問題...........................................112\r\n壹、 IC票卡法律面之問題.....................................112\r\n貳、 儲值現金卡法律面問題...................................115\r\n參、 小結...................................................120\r\n第三節 經營管理面問題.......................................120\r\n壹、 IC票卡宜建立可以創造利潤之經營模式.....................120\r\n貳、 各IC票卡發卡業者宜共同建立IC票卡資訊中心...............121\r\n參、 各IC票卡間建立共通整合的機制以擴大發卡量...............121\r\n肆、 小結...................................................121\r\n第五章 IC卡應用發展整合策略之構建...........................123\r\n第一節 IC卡應用發展問題與解決策略芻議.......................123\r\n壹、 技術面.................................................123\r\n貳、 法律面.................................................125\r\n參、 經營管理面.............................................127\r\n第二節 IC卡問題整體解決架構及實施步驟.......................130\r\n壹、 IC卡問題整體解決架構...................................131\r\n貳、 IC卡一卡通用整體解決架構之實施步驟.....................143\r\n第三節 IC卡一卡通用整合策略之實施方案芻議...................145\r\n壹、 IC卡整合形成趨勢.......................................145\r\n貳、 IC卡整合概念...........................................146\r\n參、 IC卡之應用整合.........................................147\r\n肆、 IC卡卡片規格整合.......................................147\r\n第四節 小結.................................................154\r\n第六章 結論與建議...........................................158\r\n第一節 結論.................................................158\r\n壹、我國各類別IC卡規格各行其道，未有整合前瞻性..............158\r\n貳、各產業IC卡系統運作架構未整合，導致我們卡滿為患..........158\r\n參、IC卡應用發展於法律面應積極訂定「交通運輸業電子票證法」..158\r\n肆、「非銀行不得發行現金儲值卡」已超越母法規定應修法........159\r\n伍、IC票卡發行機構透過銀行發卡可享有發卡權利金等商機........159\r\n陸、建立IC票卡資訊中心作為全台IC票卡整合運作中心............159\r\n柒、IC票卡業者透過整合可增加發卡量，共創雙贏................159\r\n捌、IC卡於技術面應發展整合技術，以達成一卡通用目標..........160\r\n玖、IC卡一卡通用宜建立IC卡資訊交換中心及憑證整合認證中心....160\r\n拾、IC卡一卡通用宜建立整體解決架構之實施步驟................160\r\n拾壹、IC卡一卡通用卡片規格整合可建立矩陣架構圖，以利分析....161\r\n拾貳、IC卡一卡通用共同憑證之運作於技術上為可行方案..........161\r\n第二節 建議.................................................162\r\n壹、IC卡一卡通用宜建立認證API程式介面及標準作業程序.........162\r\n貳、IC卡一卡通用宜建立認證中心及資訊中心之經營模式..........162\r\n参、IC卡一卡通用宜評估對IC卡產業及憑證認證產業之衝擊........162\r\n參考文獻....................................................164\r\n英文部份：..................................................164\r\n中文部份：..................................................164\r\n網路部份：..................................................166\r\n附 錄.....................................................171\r\n附錄一：國民卡推動紀要一覽表................................171\r\n附錄二：反國民卡之分析質疑..................................174\r\n附錄三：政府對國民卡計畫被糾正之說明........................181\r\n附錄四：自然人憑證大事紀要一覽表............................185\r\n附錄五：政府健保IC卡大事紀要一覽表..........................188\r\n附錄六：IC悠遊卡大事紀要一覽表..............................190\r\n附錄七：台中e卡通大事紀要一覽表.............................194\r\n附錄八：南部地區電子票證IC智慧卡大事紀要一覽表..............196\r\n附錄九：IC卡憑證認證之驗證訊息符號說明......................197\r\n附錄十：IC卡一卡通用共同憑證應用服務運作之驗證訊息符號說明..198\r\n\r\n\r\n圖 目 錄\r\n\r\n圖1- 1本研究之研究步驟........................................6\r\n圖2- 1智慧卡內部架構簡圖.....................................12\r\n圖2- 2 IC卡的外觀圖..........................................14\r\n圖2- 3開放型記憶卡...........................................15\r\n圖2- 4安全型記憶卡...........................................17\r\n圖2- 5 IC微處理晶片卡........................................18\r\n圖2- 6智慧卡的檔案架構.......................................25\r\n圖3- 1健保IC卡正面示意圖.....................................61\r\n圖3- 2健保IC卡背面示意圖.....................................61\r\n圖3- 3健保IC卡防偽處裡示意圖.................................62\r\n圖3- 4健保IC卡製卡流程.......................................64\r\n圖3- 5台北智慧卡票證公司組織架構圖...........................72\r\n圖3- 6台中ｅ卡通正反面示意圖.................................77\r\n圖3- 7 IC卡卡片內部示意圖....................................95\r\n圖3- 8非接觸式IC卡讀寫模組方塊...............................96\r\n圖3- 9台北都會區非接觸式IC卡票證系統網路架構.................98\r\n圖3-10 IC卡基碼控管交易安全流程示意圖.......................100\r\n\r\n圖4- 1交通IC票卡營運系統架構示意圖..........................110\r\n圖5- 1三構面解決策略核心「一卡通用」示意圖..................132\r\n圖5- 2 IC卡一卡通用整體運作架構示意圖.......................135\r\n圖5- 3 IC卡一卡通用共同多憑證認證運作架構示意圖.............140\r\n圖5- 4 IC卡一卡通用共同憑證應用服務運作架構示意圖...........143\r\n圖5- 5 IC卡多憑證存放各類別資料一卡整合架構示意圖...........149\r\n圖5- 6 IC卡多憑證不放各類別資料一卡整合架構示意圖...........151\r\n圖5- 7 IC卡共同憑證存放各類別資料一卡整合架構示意圖.........152\r\n圖5- 8 IC卡共同憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合架構示意圖.......154\r\n圖5- 9 IC卡共同多憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合架構示意圖.....157\r\n\r\n表 目 錄\r\n\r\n表1- 1我國各種IC卡發卡數量統計表..............................2\r\n\r\n表2- 1 IC卡發展歷史重要事項彙整表.............................8\r\n表2- 2 IC卡印刷電路接觸點功能表..............................13\r\n表2- 3接觸式與非接觸式 IC卡之比較表..........................20\r\n表2- 4 ISO/IEC 14443 不同型態卡片之使用情形..................21\r\n表2- 5 IC卡應用領域及方式類別表..............................23\r\n表2- 6 CC訊息種類表..........................................26\r\n表2- 7 FF訊息功能表..........................................26\r\n表2- 8非接觸式卡的技術標準比較表.............................27\r\n表2- 9永豐記憶晶片IC卡規格表.................................30\r\n表2-10永豐微處理晶片IC卡(YC1000/YCOS1)規格表.................30\r\n表2-11永豐智慧IC卡(YC4000/YCOS4)細部規格表...................31\r\n表2-12 GSM SIN卡之規格一覽表.................................34\r\n表2-13可讀取自然人憑證之讀卡機產品表.........................36\r\n表2-14國內碩博士論文IC卡相關研究議題篇數統計表...............37\r\n表2-15 IC卡應用發展重要議題相關文獻彙整表....................38\r\n\r\n表3- 1健保卡資料區段存放內容一覽表...........................62\r\n表3- 2悠遊卡票種之使用對象資格限制及計費方式一覽表...........73\r\n表3- 3台北IC卡票證整合系統應用範圍...........................75\r\n表3- 4交通部IC票卡規格沿革一覽表.............................82\r\n表3- 5 IC卡資料檔案結構......................................85\r\n表3- 6 IC卡扇區內各區塊存取控制認證一覽表....................86\r\n表3- 7 IC票卡晶片內部規格表..................................88\r\n表3- 8共同資料區之「票值管理資料」比較分析表.................90\r\n表3- 9共同資料區之「卡片交易狀態資料」比較表.................91\r\n表3-10共同資料區之「卡片防偽驗證資料」比較表.................91\r\n表3-11新增之「卡片管理資料區」規格表.........................92\r\n表3-12各類基碼用途表........................................101\r\n表3-13台北IC智慧卡票證系統之效益............................104\r\n\r\n表4- 1「銀行法」有關儲值現金卡部分條文......................114\r\n表4- 2「銀行發行現金儲值卡許可及管理辦法」有關儲值現金卡部分條文..........................................................114\r\n表4- 3中央標準法及行政程序法部分條文........................115\r\n表4- 4各種儲值卡使用特性比較表..............................116\r\n\r\n表5- 1 IC卡應用發展於技術面「整合議題」之解決策略...........123\r\n表5- 2 IC卡應用發展於技術面「安全議題」之解決策略...........124\r\n表5- 3 IC卡應用發展於法律面「法令修改議題」之解決策略.......125\r\n表5- 4 IC卡應用發展於法律面「法令抵觸議題」之解決策略.......125\r\n表5- 5 IC卡應用發展於法律面「増訂法律議題」之解決策略.......126\r\n表5- 6 IC卡應用發展於法律面「法令授權議題」之解決策略.......127\r\n表5- 7 IC卡應用發展於經營管理面「市場競爭議題」之解決策略...127\r\n表5- 8 IC卡應用發展於經營管理面「規模經濟發卡量議題」之解決策略..........................................................128\r\n表5- 9 IC卡應用發展於經營管理面「經營模式議題」之解決策略...129\r\n表5-10 IC卡應用發展於經營管理面「整合議題」之解決策略.......130\r\n表5-11 IC卡共同多憑證初始化認證訊息一覽表...................137\r\n表5-12 IC卡共同多憑證接續認證訊息一覽表.....................138\r\n表5-13 IC卡一卡通用運作步驟－以憑證認證及更新金鑰為例.......139\r\n表5-14 IC卡一卡通用共同憑證應用服務運作步驟.................141\r\n表5-15 IC卡一卡通用共同憑證應用服務運作之訊息驗證內容.......142\r\n表5-16 IC卡卡片規格資料整合矩陣架構圖.......................148\r\n表5-17 IC卡多憑證存放各類別資料一卡整合之優缺點.............148\r\n表5-18 IC卡多憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合之優缺點...........150\r\n表5-19 IC卡共同憑證存放各類別資料一卡整合之優缺點...........151\r\n表5-20 IC卡共同憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合優缺點...........153\r\n表5-21 IC卡共同多憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合優缺點.........155\r\n表5-22 IC卡共同憑證一卡整合與共同多憑證一卡整合比較一覽表...156