Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36440
題名: 領導者對內、外團體部屬的認知分化、情感分化及行為分化之間的關係
作者: 顏志龍
貢獻者: 李美枝
顏志龍
關鍵詞: 組間偏私
認知分化
情感分化
行為分化
對比效果
公平價值
認知需求
LMX
日期: 2004
上傳時間: 18-Sep-2009
摘要: 本研究的主要目的,在於以認知、情感和行為三個層次,來探討領導者對內、外團體部屬的組間偏私(intergroup bias)現象。主要核心議題為:(一)探討領導者對內、外團體部屬的「認知分化」(領導者在認知上能清楚區分內、外團體部屬間差異的程度)、「情感分化」(領導者對內、外團體部屬在情感上喜好不同的差距程度)和「行為分化」(領導者對內、外團體部屬在行為上差別待遇的程度)三者間的關係。(二)探討領導者的個人特性(公平價值觀、認知需求)是否會影響上述認知、情感和行為分化間關係。(三)領導者公平與否是否會影響其整體領導效能。研究者以Fazio(1990)的「動機與機會決定模式」(Motivation and Opportunity as Determinant model,MODE)為理論基礎,以結構方程式檢驗Fazio所提之「慎思歷程」(deliberative processing)(「認知」影響「情感」進而影響「行為」)和自發歷程(spontaneous processing)(「情感」影響「認知」進而影響「行為」),何者較能描述領導者對部屬之組間偏私現象。樣本為軍事院校學生(領導者),經由前導研究(工具及變項修正;N=42)、研究一(相關法;N=98)、研究二(實驗法;N=93)等三個研究,結果顯示:(一)「慎思歷程」較能描述領導者之組間偏私,亦即領導者之組間偏私歷程傾向於「認知分化」影響「情感分化」進而影響「行為分化」。(二)其中「認知分化」和「情感分化」呈正相關傾向,而高「認知分化」之所以會造成高「情感分化」,是由於領導者產生了外團體拒斥(out-group derogation)而非內團體偏私(in-group favoritism)。(三)「情感分化」亦和「行為分化」呈正相關趨勢,但此種相關趨勢的強弱會受到領導者的個人特性(公平價值、認知需求)的調節,當領導者為高公平價值 / 認知需求時,情感分化和行為分化的相關會比低公平價值 / 認知需求者來得低。(四)領導者公平與否(對部屬的情感 / 行為分化),並不會影響其整體領導效能。
參考文獻: 李美枝、李怡青(2003)。我群與他群的分化:從生物層次到人的層次。本土心理學研究,20,3-38。
林宗鴻、劉兆明(1994)。組織中領導者內團體之形成。應用心理學報,3,121-139。
高泉豐(1994)。認知需求的概念與測量。中華心理學刊,36,1-20。
鄭伯壎(1995)。差序格局與華人組織行為。本土心理研究,3,142-219。
Adams-Webber, J.R.(2001). Cognitive complexity and role relationships. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 14, 43-50.
Aiken , L.S., West, S.G., & Reno, R.R. (1990). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, Calif. : Sage.
Ajzen, I.(1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann(Eds). Action-control: From cognition to behavior(pp. 11-39). Heidelberg: Springer.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M.(1980). Understanding attitude and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A.(1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistic consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Bauer, T.N., & Green, S.G.(1996). The development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1538-1567.
Becker, G. A., & Villanova, P.(1995). Effects of rating procedure and temporal delay on the magnitude of contrast effects in performance ratings. The Journal of Psychology, 129, 157-166.
Wicker, A.W.(1969). Attitude versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41-78.
Wilder, D. A.(1981). Perceiving person as a group: Categorization and intergroup relations. In D. L. Hamilton(Ed.). Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavio(pp.213-258). Hillsdale, N.J. Lawrence.
Wilder, D. A. & Thompson, J. E.(1988). Assimilation and contrast effects in the judgements of groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 62-73.
Yukl, G.(2002).Leadership in organizations(4th ed.). N.J. : Prentice Hall.
Zanna, M. P., Olson, J. M., & Fazio, R. H.(1980). Attitude-behavior consistency: An individual difference perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 432-440.
Zanna, M. P., & Rempel, J. K.(1988). Attitudes: A new look at an old concept. In D. Bar-Tal and A. W. Kruglanski(Eds.), The social psychology of knowledge(pp. 315-334). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ben-Ari, R., Kedem, P., & Levy-Weiner, N.(1992). Cognitive complexity and intergroup perception and evaluation. Personality and individual differences, 13, 1291-1298.
Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. ( 1987). Practical issues in structural modeling.
Sociological Methods and Research, 16, 78-117.
Bieri, J. (1955). Cognitive complexity-simplicity and predictive behavior. Journal of Abcdrmal and Social Psychology, 51, 263-268.
Bieri, J., Atkins, A. L., Briar, S., Leaman, R. L., Miller, H., & Tripodi, T. (1966). Clinical and social judgment: The discrimination of behavioral information. New York: Wiley.
Biernat, M., Vescio, T. K., & Theno, S.(1996). Violating American values: A “value congruence ” approach to understanding outgroup attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 387-410.
Bourhis, R. Y., Sachdev, I., & Gagnon, A. (1994). Intergroup research with the Tajfel matrices: Methodological notes. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Outario symposium (pp. 209-232). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Breckler, S.J.(1984). Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of personality and social psychology, 47, 1191-1250.
Breckler, S. J., & Wiggins, E. C.(1989). Affect versus evaluation in the structure of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 253-271.
Brewer, M. B.(1979). In-group bias in minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
Brewer, M. B.(1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429-444.
Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E., & Kao, C.F.(1984). The efficient assessment of need for cognition. Journal of personality assessment, 48, 306-307.
Cattell, R. B., & Cattell, H. E.(1995). Personality structure and the new fifth edition of the 16PF. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 926-937.
Chen, F., Bollen, K. A., Paxton, P. , Curran, P., & Kirby, J. K.(2001). Improper solutions in structural equation models: Causes, consequences, and strategies. Sociological Methods & Research, 29, 468-508.
Colquitt, J. A.(2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 386-400.
Coliquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, O. L. H., & Ng, K. Y.(2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 425-445.
Costa, P.T., Jr., & McCrae, R.R.(1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five-Factor Inventory: Professional Manual. FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Crites, S. L., Fabrigar, L. R., & Petty, R. E.(1994). Measuring the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes: Conceptual and methodological issues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 619-634.
Cropanzano, R., & Greenberg, J.(1997). Progress in organizational justice: Tunneling through the maze. In C. L. Cooper, & I. T. Robertson(Eds.). International review of industrial and organizational psychology(pp.317-372). NY: Wiley.
Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J.(1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,13,46-78.
Day, D.V., & Crain, E.C. (1992). The role of affect and ability in initial exchange quality perception. Group and Organizational Management, 17, 380-397.
Delia, J. G.(1987). Interpersonal cognition, message goals, and organization of communication: Recent constructivist research. In D. L. Kincaid(Ed.), Communication theory: Eastern and western perspectives (pp. 255-273). San Diego, CA: Academic press.
Deluga, R. J., & Perry, T.J.(1994). The role of subordinate performance and ingratiation in leader-member exchange. Group and Organization Management, 19, 67-86.
Dockery, T.M., & Steiner, D.D.(1990). The role of the initial interaction in leader-member exchange. Group an Organization Studies, 15, 395-413.
Doise, W., Dechamps, J. C., & Meyer, G.(1978). The accentuation of intra-category similarities. In H. Tajfel(Ed.). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology intergroup relations (pp.159-168). London: Academic Press.
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., and Howard, A.(1997). The nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510-540.
Fazio, R. H.(1990).Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE models as an integrative framework. In M.P. Zana(Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol.23, pp.75-109)。San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Fazio, R. H., & Towles-Schwen, T.(1999). The MODE model of attitude-behavior processes. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope(Eds.). Dual-process theories in social psychology. Lodon, NY: The Guilford Press.
Fleishman, E. A. & Harris, E. F. (1962). Patters of leadership behavior related to employee grievances and turnover. Personnel Psychology, 15, 43-56.
Graen, G.(1976). Role-making process within complex organizations. In M.D. Dunnette(Ed.). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology(pp.1201-1245). Chicago: Rand Mcnally.
Graen, G., & Cashman, J. F.(1975). A role making model of leadership in formal organizations: A developmental approach. In J.G. Hunt and L.L. Larson(Eds.), Leadership frontiers. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
Graen, G. B., Liden, R., & Hoel,, W.(1982). Role of leadership in the employee withdrawal process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 868-872.
Graen, G. B., Novak, M., & Sommerkamp, P.(1982). The effects of leader-member exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, 109-131.
Graen, G. B., & Schiemann, W.(1978). Leader-member agreement: A vertical dyad linkage approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 206-212.
Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange(LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219-247.
Green, S.G., Anderson, S.E., & Shivers, S.L.(1996). Demographic and organizational influences on leader-member exchange and related work attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 66, 203-214.
Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Why are attitudes important? In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 1-10). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.
Haddock, G., & Zanna, M. P.(1998). On the use of open-ended measures to assess attitudinal components. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 129-149.
Halverson, C. F.(1970). Interpersonal perception: Cognitive complexity and trait implication. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 86-90.
Hensley, V., & Duval, S.(1976). Some perceptual determinants of perceived similarity, liking, and correctness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 159-168.
Hering, E.(1878). Outlines of a theory of the light sense. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.
Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H.(2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604.
Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J.(2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M.(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Jackson, D. N.(1984). Personality Research From Manual. Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologists Press.
Jamieson, D. W., & Zanna, M. P.(1989). Need for structure in attitude formation and expression. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.). Attitude structure and function (pp.383-406). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Postmes, T.(2004). Intergroup distinctiveness and differentiation: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 862-879.
Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D.(1993). LISREL 8 : structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language(2nd ed.). N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kelly, G. A.(1955). A theory of personality: The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.
Kinicki, A.J., & Vecchio, R.P.(1994). Influences on the quality of supervisor-subordinate relations: The role of time-pressure, organizational commitment, and locus of control. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 75-82.
Kruglanski, A. W.(1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge : cognitive and motivational bases. N.Y. : Plenum Press.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Freud, T.(1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay-inferences: Effects on impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448-468.
Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R.T., & Wayne, S. J.(1997). Leader-member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 15, 47-119.
Liden, R.C., Wyne, S.J., & Stilwell, D.(1993). A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 662-674.
Lerner, M. J.(1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. NY: Plemu,.
Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R.(1998). Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach. Psychological Review, 105, 499-529.
Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & McCoy, S. K.(2002). Antecedents and consequences of attributions to discrimination: Theoretical and empirical advances. In M. P. Zanna(Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology, 34(pp.251-330).CA: Academic Press.
McClane, W.E.(1991). The interaction of leader and member characteristics in the leader-member exchange(LMX)model of leadership. Small Group Research, 22, 283-300.
McGuire, W. J.(1989). The structure of individual attitudes and attitude systems. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald(Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 37-69). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Mirels, H., & Garrett, J. B.(1971). The Protestant ethic as a personality variable. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 40-44.
Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C.(1992). Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance and status: An integration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 102-122.
Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L.(1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
O’Keefe, D. J., & Brady, R. M.(1980). Cognitive complexity and the effects of thought on attitude change. Social Behavior and Personality, 8, 49-56.
Operario, D., & Fiske, S. T.(2001). Ethic identity moderates perceptions of prejudice: Judgments of personal versus group discrimination and subtle versus blatant. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 550-561.
Otten, S., and Wentura, D.(1999). About the impact of automaticity in the minimal group paradigm: Evidence from the affective priming tasks. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 1049-1071.
Paglis, L. L., & Green, S. G.(2002). Both sides now: Supervisor and subordinate perspectives on relationship quality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 250-276.
Perdue, C. W., Dovidio, J. F., Gurtman, M. B., and Tyler, R. B. (1990). Us and them: Social categorization and the process of intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 475-486.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R.(1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-76.
Philips, A.S., & Bedeian, A.C.(1994).Leader-follower exchange quality: The role of personal and interpersonal attributes. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 990-1001.
Rholes, W. S., & Bailey, S.(1983). The effects of level of moral reasoning on consistency between moral attitudes and related behaviors. Social Cognition, 2, 32-48.
Rowe, P. M.(1967). Order effects in assessment decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology. 51. 170-173.
Sanbonmatsu, D. M., & Fazio, R. H.(1990). The role of attitudes in memory-based decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 614-622.
Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., & Kappen, D. M.(2003). Attitudes toward group-based inequality: Social dominance or social identity? British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 161-186.
Schuette, R. A., & Fazio, R. H.(1995). Attitude accessibility and motivation as determinants of biased processing: A test of MODE model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 704-710.
Schriesheim, C. A., Castro, S. L, & Cogliser, C. C.(1999). Leader-member exchange(LMX) research: A comprehensive review of theory, measurement, and data-analytic practices. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 63-113.
Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F.(1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Michael, M.(1994). In-group identification, social dominance orientation, and differential intergroup social allocation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 151-167.
Sigall, H., & Johnson, M. B.(1998). The relationship between political preference and judgments of President Cliton’s integrity depends on cognitive complexity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1465-1476.
Simpson, D. D., & Ostrom, M.(1976). Contrast effects in impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 625-629.
Spengler, P. M., & Strohmer, D. C.(1994). Clinical judgmental biases: The moderating roles of counselor cognitive complexity and counselor client preferences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 8-17.
Stangor, C., Sullivan, L. A., & Ford, T. E.(1991). Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Social Cognition, 9, 359-380.
Tajfel, H.(1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223, 96-102.
Tajfel, H.(1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-30.
Tajfel, H., Billig, K., Bundy, R., & Flament, C.(1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-175.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C.(1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel(Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Turner, J. C.(1987). A self-categorization theory. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher, & M. S. Wetherell(Eds.), Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory(pp. 42-67). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Wayne, S.J., & Ferris, G.R.(1990). Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor-subordinate interactions: A laboratory experiment and field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 487-499.
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Lidden, R. C.(1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of management Journal, 40, 82-111.
Wexley, K. N., Yukl, G. A., Kovacs, S. Z., & Sanders, R. E.(1972). Importance of contrast effects in employment interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 5-48.
描述: 博士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
90752501
93
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0907525011
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

Files in This Item:
File SizeFormat
index.html115 BHTML2View/Open
Show full item record

Google ScholarTM

Check


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.