經濟發展與中國農村土地制度變遷

Abstract

本研究探索中國農村土地使用制度的變遷及其對中國經濟發展的貢獻，企圖透過 不同政治經濟組織形態的農村進行比較，以了解農村土地持有與使用制度的差 異，以及農地使用變更與轉讓是沿襲傳統的行政強制力進行或新興市場機制的交 易。本研究一方面了解在中國一統的家庭承包責任制之下，為何各地農村土地使 用制度極為不同；另一方面探索農村土地增值利益的分配問題，在不同政治經濟 組織形態的農村，土地增值的利益在村政府與農民之間如何分配？在現階段農村 自治的基層選舉中，中國農民如何維護自身權益與監督土地增值利益的分配與使 用？本研究將透過不同政治經濟組織形態的農村，選擇不同的田野地點，比較其 土地使用制度的差異，並解釋產生差異的原因，這使我們對中國資本主義的發展 途徑與制度基礎有更深的認識與了解。

This project explores the variations in the land tenure system across rural China in the reform era by looking at the local politico-economic organizations instituted in different village communities. It assumes that the different types of local politic-economic organizations in each rural community matter in determining the way in which land is held and used by local peasants. This project also examines land-transfer among villagers, either through administrative forces of village government or through market transactions, or both. Furthermore, the project will investigate in what way the added value of land is distributed among villagers, and the capacity for the villagers to monitor the distribution process, as a result of democratic election in the village. To fulfill this project, the author will conduct a comparative study, selecting two different Chinese villages in the strength of collective forces, examining their respective influence on the land holding systems. The author will argue that local institution in the form of politic-economic organizations is the key to the variations in the local land tenure system.