中國西北穆斯林宗教派別多元化研究──以臨夏為論述中心

Abstract

中國西北甘寧青一帶是穆斯林在中國內地較為集中之處，該地區穆斯林因宗教生活之殊異而裂解為數個派別，這些並存的派別分別是：7世紀伊斯蘭進入中國以來歷經千餘年在地化而形成的「格底木」、17世紀末蘇非教團由西亞阿拉伯世界帶入中國的各個「門宦」、19世紀末受到伊斯蘭中土宗教復興運動影響而產生的「伊赫瓦尼」、20世紀30年代從伊赫瓦尼分支而出的「賽萊非耶」、以及20世紀初中國穆斯林創建的「西道堂」。穆斯林社會的脈動與宗教派別的運作與互動牽連甚深，筆者在歷經三年的參與觀察與分析研究之後，將西北穆斯林地區分陳並列的各個派別定名為中國伊斯蘭教的「宗派」。這些宗派各擁信眾，彼此關係微妙，形塑出中國西北穆斯林的宗教多元樣貌。\n\n 臨夏回族自治州古稱「河州」，因其穆斯林人口眾多且集中、宗教氣息濃厚，又是引領中國伊斯蘭思潮的重鎮，而享有「中國的小麥加」之美名。本論文以臨夏為主要核心進行穆斯林宗派多元現象研究，論述範圍涵蓋宗派多元化形成之歷史縱深以及伊斯蘭傳播途徑與在地化歷程，當代的現象觀察與分析則以臨夏為主要田野場域，透過民族學研究方法將歷史與當代現象交織的中國穆斯林宗派多元議題完整呈現，並提出該議題的研究定位與建構當代西北穆斯林社會的觀察視野及宗派多元之研究模式。

The Northwestern China, including Kansu, Ningxia and Qinhai, is the region with rather heavy concentration of Chinese Muslims inhabitation. In this region, because of the varying religious practices, Muslims are segmented into several concurrent denominations, namely, the Qadim, which was developed through the localization over more than one thousand years since the Islam was first preached in China in the 7th Century, the Menhuan, which was brought about by the Sufi Orders in the late 17th Century from west Arabic world, the Ikhwani, which was developed through the influence of the Islamic heart land revivalism during the late 19th Century, the Salafiyya, which was branched out from the Ikhwani in the 30th of the 20th Century, and the Sidaotang, which was built up by Chinese Muslim in the beginning of the 20th Century. \n\n The momentum of the Muslim Society is deeply intertwined with the operations and interactions of these denominations. After having spent three years in intensive observations and analyses, the author has come to term these various segments of the Muslim Society as “Denominations”. Each of these denominations has its own followers, and the relationships between denominations are delicate. All of these have contributed to the formation of a religious pluralism in the Northwestern Chinese Muslims.\n\n The Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture was formerly called “River State” (Ho Chou). It is renowned for the populous Muslims, rich of religious aura, and being a place of strategic importance in pioneering the Islamic thoughts in China. As a result, Linxia is reputed as the “Miniature of Mecca in China”. This study took Linxia as a focal point to explore the issues of multi-denomination of Muslims. Field studies were conducted in Linxia to observe and analyze current phenomena of Muslim Society.\n\n The purposes of this study were to trace back the long history of the development of multi-denominations, to investigate the dissemination route and localization process of the Islam in China, and to apply the research methodology of ethnology to present comprehensively the multi-denomination issues arising from interweaving history with current phenomena. This study proposed a research position for these issues and construct an observation eyeshot of the modern Muslim Society in the Northwestern China and a research model for the multi-denomination of Muslims.