臺灣原住民遷徙與社會流動

Abstract

本研究運用多元資料，自不同面向揭露臺灣原住民的遷徙樣貌，並連結遷徙\r\n與原住民個人社會地位取得的關連。藉遷徙多層次社會鑲嵌的特質，以解開原住\r\n民頻繁遷徙但並未對等呈現向上社會流動的弔詭。本研究同時檢視原住民族於臺\r\n灣大社會的位置，包含其空間分布、流動趨勢及其社會經濟地位。研究主要發現\r\n如下：（1）歷經卅年的遷移，原住民族大量移徙西半部，並集中在三大都會區，\r\n不同遷徙類型在各區域形成流動體系，以北部體系及東部體系擁有較大的遷徙流\r\n量；（2）原住民族較一般民眾更易集中在中低度現代化區域，主要係往都會區周\r\n邊移動，臺北縣與桃園縣對初級與連續遷徙有極大的拉力；（3）原住民族與一般\r\n民眾的遷徙模式相近，遷徙主要是朝鄰近區域與核心縣市移動，但原住民族重複\r\n遷徙行為較為獨特，連續遷徙與回流遷徙呈相反的流動；（4）自遷徙決策模型可\r\n發現，遷徙受多重因素影響，除工作要素外，家庭居住安排、生命階段的居住區\r\n位、區域性資本、社會網絡與遷徙成本及預算皆會影響其遷徙決策；長遠而言，\r\n遷徙有助於個人取得教育資源、提升社經地位，無力遷徙者與遷徙者間貧富差距\r\n逐漸拉大；（5）與理論預期相反，初級與回流遷徙對個人地位取得具正面效益，\r\n連續遷徙則為負向作用，此與原住民族社會網絡有限鑲嵌及累積資本困難所致；\r\n（6）隨著人口移動，原居地與移入地社群重組，原居地經歷了人口老化、祖孫\r\n家庭增加、傳統部落秩序瓦解，移入地蓬勃的制度化社群組織、族群聚落、同鄉\r\n會與協進會扮演都市原住民與原鄉的橋樑，遷徙所生成的脈絡亦將影響後續移動\r\n者的社會處境。奠基以上研究發現，提出政策建議與未來研究方向。

Mainly based on a variety of data, this research aims to study several aspects of\r\nmigration of Taiwan aborigines and to explore the association and causal relationship\r\nbetween migration and the advance of socioeconomic status. This study is originally\r\ninspired from an observed paradox that, according to the theoretical expectation and a\r\nbody of existing empirical evidences, it has long been confirmed that migration is an\r\neffective means of promoting individual social mobility and lifetime wellbeing;\r\nnevertheless, the fact that the Taiwan aborigines are associated with lower\r\nsocioeconomic status does not fit the fact of Taiwan aborigines being more mobile\r\nthan the ordinary people. The purposes of this dissertation are (1) to characterize\r\nmigration types and pattern of Taiwan aborigines, including spatial pattern, migration\r\nand mobility tendency and likelihood, and their social economic status, (2) to\r\ndistinguish determinants of aborigine migration, and (3) to examine the outcome of\r\nmigration whether it helps or stumbles the advance of aborigine’s socioeconomic\r\nstatus and mobility. Main findings are as follows: (1) in the past three decades,\r\nvoluminous aborigines migrated to the western urbanized area, with the three major\r\nmetropolitan areas of Taiwan as the major destination for aborigine migrants; it also\r\nforms migratory system in each area, with northern Taiwan and eastern Taiwan\r\ngaining the most number of migrants; (2) Although metropolitan areas serve as major\r\ndestination for aborigine migrants, the study finds that they tend to concentrate more\r\non the periphery than on the core area. Both counties of Taipei and Taoyuan are very\r\nattractive for primary and onward migrants; (3) the migration pattern of ordinary\r\npeople is similar to that of aborigines. People usually tend to move to neighborhood\r\nand the core city. In addition, repeat migration is much more noteworthy than its\r\nprimary counterpart, and onward migration is totally opposite to return migration; (4)\r\nThe model of aboriginal migration indicates that migration is affected by various\r\nfactors. The most salient ones include work status, living arrangement, attributes of\r\nresidential location, location-specific capital, ethnic network, and availability of\r\nmigration budget. Because migration help acquire educational resources and improve\r\none’s socioeconomic status, the gap between migrants and people who are not capable\r\nof making migration will become exaggerated; (5) in opposition to theoretical\r\nexpectation, primary and return migrations exhibit positive effect on the improvement\r\nof individual socioeconomic status, whereas onward migration should have negative\r\neffect. This finding is not counter to various schools of migration theory, rather, it\r\nreflects a result of limited embedded inter- and intra-ethnic network and barriers of\r\ncapital accumulation; (6) migration affects both communities of origin and destination.\r\nAging population, increasing grandparent-grandchild family, collapsing tribal\r\nauthority become prevalent in original community; on the other hand, flourishing\r\nethnic enclaves, associations, and institutionalized organizations connect urban and\r\nhometown in destination community. The context which migration results from is\r\nchanged by migration itself and further affects the situation of subsequent migrants.\r\nAccording to empirical findings, the dissertation further suggests corresponding\r\npolicy implications and proposes future research direction.