不可說的在言噤聲：藍騰的反色情論證

Abstract

色情刊物會使得婦女遭到「噤聲」的命運，因而侵害了婦女的言論自由嗎？對此，女性主義者麥肯能的回答是肯定的，而許多自由主義者的回答則是否定的，甚至認為這個主張非常荒謬。為此，藍騰特別援引英國語言哲學家奧斯丁的說話做行論，並主張：色情刊物之所以侵害了婦女的言論自由，其原因在於色情刊物使得婦女「不能拿話做事」，而這等於使得婦女的言論不能出現在言論自由市場中。本文將主張：藍騰的主張會課以說話者和聽者太多義務；為此，我們必須主張一種對聽者不要求任何「最低限度接收度」的言論自由觀，以避免上述問題。\r\nFamous anti-pornography feminists, Catharine MacKinnon and Rae Langton believe that pornography harms women in a very spe-cial and serious way: by silencing them or violating their civil right to freedom of speech. Langton believes that an analysis of the con-cept of speech acts shows that pornography silences women’s voices. Therefore, pornography destroys political liberty and should not be allowed. Pornography may thus make potential speech acts un-speakable for women, not by preventing them from producing or distributing sounds and scrawls, but by preventing women from do-ing things with their words. In what follows, I will argue that Lang-ton’s view would impose a burdensome range of duties on individu-als. This suggests that there are some powerful liberal reasons for thinking that the right to free speech should not include any mini-mal receptiveness requirement on the part of audiences.