俄國文學中負面女性形象的原型研究

Abstract

古往今來，角色的形象議題一直是代表作者主觀的思想或創作意圖；它們並非憑空臆造，而是潛藏在各民族集體潛意識中的「原始意象」－－這種原始意象就是榮格所謂的「原型」。 以神話故事的女巫原型為例。“巫”是延伸母系社會的意象而來，以女性為主；榮格將之稱為“大母神”。進入父系社會之後，一些女神就被貶到從屬地位，變成了女巫。因此，探討從大母神到女巫的轉變，一方面可以梳理出女巫原型的發展軌跡，另一方面也可看到女性地位的變化。 不同的民族文化會發展出不同的象徵形象，例如：蘇格蘭的綠魔女、斯拉夫民族的雅加婆婆。在童話故事中，女巫通常是女主角的對立人物，對主角造成苦難，然後演繹出英雄人物的「受難原型」。其實，女巫通常是以女主角的「陰影」出現，以否定、破壞、作惡的形象出現，但又具有從反面推動的力量。 本研究計畫將以榮格的「原型理論」、佛萊的「神話原型理論」、普洛普的「民間故事型態學理論」作為分析架構，探究十九世紀及二十世紀俄國男作家筆下負面女性形象的原型、類別、流變與功能。

The ideology and intention of the author often times have been presented by creating imageries of the roles in his literature. Those created representations are not based out of nothing. Subconsciously, those “archetypes”, described by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, are images or stereotypes that are imprinted within each and every one of us through culture, history and the environmental factors around us. One of the typical example of this “archetype” lies within the word “witch” in the mythological literature. The origin of a “witch”, which is first called “the Great Mother” by Jung, is a byproduct of a matriarchal society where the majority of the political or cultural authorities are carried out by women in the community. After shifting to the patriarchal society, a number of goddesses were relegated to subordinate positions, thus becoming witches. When we evaluate this shift of imagery from “the Great Mother” to a “witch”, one can not only taking account from the mythological standpoint, but also accounted for changes of women’s social standing in societies and cultures. The symbolic image of one thing may differ from culture to culture. For example, the development of “witch” shows two splitting images in the Scottish literature Green Lady and the Slavic’s Baba Yaga. In tales and mythology, witches are usually used as the opponents of the heroines. They are trouble makers to the protagonists, and they deduce the “archetype” of a hero’s suffering. In fact, the witches are represented as the “shadows” of the heroic roles. Even though they are obstacles that the main characters need to overcome, they also enact as the driving forces to the success of the heroes. This research project will use the theories of Jungian archetypes, Frye’s mythic-archetypal and Propp’s morphology of the folk tale as the basic analytical framework. The project will also explore the archetypes of the negative imagery of women and their classifications, changes and functions in literary works, described by the nineteenth and twentieth century Russian male writers.