兩岸比較視野下的中國政治發展：國家對社經變遷的控制與調適-子計畫三：社會力量興起與黨國回應：兩岸「國家－社會」關係比較

Abstract

對後社會主義國家與威權國家轉型而言，公民社會的浮現一直是引人關注的議題。中國大陸透過市場化與私有化的改革，不僅展現出傲人的經濟成就，也帶動一連串的經濟與社會變遷，此些巨大的變化亦產生政治效應，特別是近年來兩種「由下而上」社會力量的崛起，一是社會組織，另一則是社會抗爭事件，此種組織化力量也是我們觀察中國「公民社會」的發展以及「國家－社會」關係變化的重要視角。就此觀察台灣，在1980年代中後期開始，社會抗議運動幾乎是「遍地烽火」，而隨著自由化與民主化的發展，其提供社會組織與抗爭議題結盟的機會，後也為國家與公民社會良性互動奠定基礎。基於此，本研究計畫將透過兩岸比較，針對社會力量組織化的過程、政治機會結構的變化、國際因素的影響（如國際組織與國際NGO的角色）以及國家與社會部門的策略互動等，呈現兩岸各自「國家－社會」關係的圖像，並比較異同。在計畫執行層面，第一年將研究焦點置於兩岸社會組織以及社會抗爭發展的組織化與資源動員機制，第二年則是探討國家與社會部門的策略互動以及政治機會結構的選擇，第三年則是透過前兩年的實證資料，深入分析當前中國的政權特質，在國家與社會關係領域中，是否除了「後極權」、「發展型國家」外，還有其他？其間的關係為何？有無內在矛盾？並透過台灣經驗予以比較。

For all researchers who observe the building or restructuring of authoritarian and post-socialist countries, the emergence of a civil society has always been a subject of major concern. China`s drive toward reform and modernization in the past over 30 years has not only led to rapid economic growth but also created new opportunities for social changes. The dramatic changes and significant consequences stirred by the development of social organizations and resistance have drawn much attention to the subject. In comparison, civil society in Taiwan expanded after the state lifted the restrictions on the right to organize following the social movement’s successful breakdown of the authoritarian regime in the 1980s. Liberalization democratization brought about partial opening of policy participation and transformation of political alliance. At this point, these empirical observations raise important issues: What are the causes for the rise of social forces in China and Taiwan? Do these sorts of dynamic market transition and social changes or any other factors indicate that civil society is indeed emerging in China? Could the resource mobilization and political opportunity processes of Taiwan experience be the future of China? Such research must focus on the changes of the state power and effects of the driving forces and structures of social organizations and resistance. This study discusses some of the alternative theoretical approaches, explaining Leninist transitions and noting some implications for further research. The line of analysis seeks to explain how socio-economic changes co-exist with the continued dominance of the party-state and understand the “state-society relationship” in contemporary China.