Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/56808
題名: 再思色情媒介的第三人效果:從網路社群媒體出發
Re-examining the third-person effect on porn-related social media in Taiwan
作者: 陳韋賓
貢獻者: 徐美苓
陳韋賓
關鍵詞: 色情媒介
第三人效果
網站涉入感
網路互動性
網路管制
認知差距
日期: 2012
上傳時間: 1-Feb-2013
摘要: 本研究旨在以網路社群媒體為例,重新審視網路傳播環境中的色情第三人效果,並探討網路色情社群使用者的網路互動情形與網站涉入程度對網路色情訊息評價、第三人效果認知及支持管制網路色情媒介之意願的影響。自Davison(1983)提出第三人效果假說迄今已30年,在此之間媒介科技、閱聽人訊息獲取的管道、資訊傳播及行為模式,均有一定程度的轉變,這些轉變是否足以影響色情第三人效果及後續的規範行為意願,即為本研究的關注焦點。綜觀過去有關網路色情的第三人效果研究,多半是延續單向傳播觀點將人們視為被動的受眾,忽略網路傳播的諸多互動特性,更少有研究會意識到來自網路使用者本身之因素對網路色情傳播的影響,故本研究轉以網路使用的角度切入,將以往研究可能未曾考量的變因納入分析,檢視其對色情第三人效果相關模式所帶來的影響。\n本研究採網路問卷調查法針對台灣地區之網路色情社群使用者進行調查,共獲得747份有效問卷。在第三人效果認知方面,研究結果顯示整體使用者會對網路色情內容產生自己較不易接受,但他人(其他使用者)較易接受的第三人效果認知,且女性比男性更認為他人較自己易接受網路色情內容。本研究證實資訊分享、意見交流、媒介互動頻率的增加,會加深使用者的網站涉入程度並提高使用者對網路色情整體的正面評價,進而提升使用者自己的網路色情內容接受度,但對使用者認為他人的網路色情內容接受度,僅資訊分享、意見交流、網站涉入程度及網路色情整體的正面評價符合研究假設對其產生正向影響力,媒介互動則沒有影響。本研究雖證實使用者會因媒介互動頻率的增加與網站涉入程度的加深,降低其對高頻率接觸網路色情的負面評價,並減弱第三人效果認知程度,但資訊分享的影響力卻與本研究假設不符,亦即資訊分享頻率愈高,高頻率接觸網路色情的負面評價也愈高,且對第三人效果認知無顯著影響,而意見交流對高頻率接觸網路色情的負面評價與第三人效果認知均無顯著預測力。\n在支持管制網路色情媒介之意願方面,本研究發現整體使用者的支持管制意願普遍偏低,並指出媒介互動頻率愈高、網站涉入程度愈深,對網路色情整體的正面評價愈高及高頻率接觸網路色情的負面評價愈低的使用者,愈傾向不支持管制網路色情媒介。然資訊分享卻以相反方向影響支持管制意願,亦即當資訊分享的頻率愈高,支持管制意願會略微提高,而意見交流對支持管制意願則無顯著影響。此外,本研究也發現性別在支持管制意願上無顯著差異,與過去的相關研究有所出入。\n本研究主要貢獻是,證實影響支持管制網路色情與否的關鍵為網路色情訊息評價(網路色情整體的正面評價、高頻率接觸網路色情的負面評價),並說明預測媒體內容的影響力(使用者自己的網路色情內容接受度、認為他人的網路色情內容接受度)及色情第三人效果認知與後續支持管制行為意願之間不必然有因果關係。最後,本研究針對研究結果與限制進行檢討,給予欲從事相關研究者建議,並對網路規範的宣導策略提出幾個須關注的重點。
參考文獻: 參考文獻\n一、中文部分\n〈「花魁藝色館」台鐵開淫趴:曾是老網友的一夜情聖地〉(2012年2月25日)。《ETtoday即時新聞》,上網日期:2012年7月7日,取自http://www.ettoday.net/news/20120225/27501.htm\n〈台灣民眾網路使用頻率〉(無日期)。取自中央研究院社會學研究所網頁http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/TSCpedia/index.php/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87\n〈色情片不能當做性教育來指導〉(2012年2月19日)。《教育中國》,上網日期:2012年7月28日,取自http://www.80edu.com/html/xingjiaoyu/xingjiaoyuxinwen/42040.html\n〈男人常看色情片易患病〉(2010年4月13日)。《公眾健康教育網》,上網日期:2012年7月28日,取自http://www.szhe.com/shishangjiankang/xinaijk/201030182.html\n〈性愛情事:成人片的“色情中毒”〉(2010年10月14日)。《生活常識》,上網日期:2012年7月28日,取自http://www.shcs365.com/xinli/info/229569/\n〈網路色情如何管?NCC:將開會商討〉(2012年3月5日)。《台灣醒報》,上網日期:2012年7月9日,取自http://www.anntw.com/awakening/news_center/show.php?itemid=29252\n〈網路言論 有自由也有責任〉(2010年11月)。《台灣讀報教育資源網》,上網日期:2013年1月13日,取自http://www.mdnkids.com/nie/?url=nie_intro/p2/p2.htm\n〈憂思!色情網站流量竟超過全球網絡的1/3〉(2012年6月9日)。《羊城晚報》,上網日期:2012年6月14日,取自http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-06/09/c_112172223.htm\n一劍浣春秋(2011)。《AV春秋:史無前例!最詳盡的AV研究報告!》。台北:高寶國際。\n王向華(2008)。〈導言:日本情色/華人慾望〉,王向華編《媒介擬想》,頁11-29。台北:遠流。\n王貞子、劉志強(2006)。〈從旁觀到參與:新媒體敘事結構解析〉,邱誌勇編《媒介擬想》,頁92-112。台北:遠流。\n王朝鈺、劉建邦(2012年9月7日)。〈散布李宗瑞影片 大學生也被逮〉,《中央社》,上網日期:2012年9月13日,取自http://www.cna.com.tw/Views/Page/Search/hyDetailws.aspx?qid=201209070307&q=%E6%95%A3%E5%B8%83%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E7%91%9E%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%87+%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E4%B9%9F%E8%A2%AB%E9%80%AE+\n朱芳瑤(2012年4月12日)。〈A片達人觀點 一劍浣春秋:公開觀看很奇怪!〉,《中時電子報》,上網日期:2013年1月12日,取自http://news.chinatimes.com/focus/11050105/112012041200608.html\n行政院研考會(2010)。《九十九年數位落差調查報告》。台北:行政院研究發展考核委員會。\n行政院研考會(2011)。《一百年個人/家戶數位機會調查報告》。台北:行政院研究發展考核委員會。\n何春蕤(2006)。《動物戀網頁事件簿》。桃園:中央大學性/別研究室。\n何春蕤、張家銘(2006)。〈「色情世界與色情研究」對談講座紀錄〉,《東吳社會學報》,20: 173-206。\n吳明隆(2012)。《SPSS操作與應用:問卷統計分析實務》。台北:五南。\n李宇美譯(2011)。《鄉民都來了:無組織的組織力量》。台北:貓頭鷹。(原書Shirky, C. [2008]. Here comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations. London, UK: Penguin)\n李政忠(2004)。〈網路調查所面臨的問題與解決建議〉,《資訊社會研究》,6: 1-24。\n李茂能(2012)。〈變項中心化與多元共線性的玄機〉,《測驗統計年刊》,20: 25-52。\n兒童及少年福利與權益保障法(2011年修正)。\n林東茂(2003年1月)。〈猥褻的概念〉,《台灣本土法學雜誌》,42: 83-93。\n林芳玫(2000)。〈性擇論與色情:評析研究者如何挪用演化論術語傳達性別刻板印象〉,《新聞學研究》,65: 131-156。\n林芳玫(2006)。《色情研究》。台北:商務。\n林思宇(2012年3月1日)。〈小雨案 兒盟籲加強網站管理〉,《中央社》,上網日期:2012年6月29日,取自http://www.cna.com.tw/Views/Page/Search/hyDetailws.aspx?qid=201203010142&q=%E5%B0%8F%E9%9B%A8%E6%A1%88+%E5%85%92%E7%9B%9F%E7%B1%B2%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%B7%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86\n林素真(2009a)。〈反毒影片之第一人效果〉,《廣播與電視》,31: 23-53。\n林素真(2009b)。〈總統大選公民辯論會之第三人效果〉,《新聞學研究》,101: 45-88。\n林素真(2010)。〈總統大選負面新聞與第三人效果〉,《傳播與社會學刊》,11: 71-104。\n邱俊吉(2012年6月28日)。〈國人愛聊性事「剩一張嘴」〉,《蘋果日報》,上網日期:2012年12月2日,取自http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20120628/34331670/\n邱皓政(2010)。《量化研究與統計分析》。台北:五南。\n邱愷欣(2008)。〈「性」的手段,「非性」的目的:日本色情A片在台北的使用〉,王向華編《媒介擬想》,頁107-133。台北:遠流。\n洪培翔(製作人)(2011年1月1日)。台灣啟示錄。台北:東森電視事業股份有限公司。\n洪雅慧(2007)。〈網路電子郵件之「第三人效果」與「第一人效果」-以台灣「319 槍擊疑雲」電子郵件散播為例〉,《新聞學研究》,90: 1-42。\n胡幼偉(1998)。《傳播訊息的第三者效果:理論探源與實證研究》。台北:五南。\n張芳全(2008)。《問卷就是要這樣編》。台北:心理。\n陳建豪譯(1998)。《人機介面與互動入門:電腦之人因工程》。台北:和碩科技。(原書Preece, J. [1993]. Guide to usability human factors in computing. Wokingham, UK: Addison-Wesley.)\n陳鈞凱(2006年3月22日)。〈垃圾郵件九成是色情廣告 消基會籲立法管制〉,《大紀元》,上網日期:2012年12月1日,取自http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/6/3/22/n1262840.htm\n彭文正(2007)。〈第三人效果的理解與疑惑〉,《中華傳播學刊》,12: 3-52。\n湯禎兆(2005)。《AV現場》。香港:TOM(Cup Magazine)。\n甯應斌(1998)。〈性解放思想史的初步札記:性政治、性少數、性階層〉,《性/別研究》,34: 179-234。\n甯應斌(2008)。《色情無價:認真看待色情》。台北:國立歷史博物館。\n項靖(2003)。〈邁向資訊均富:我國數位落差現況之探討〉,《東吳政治學報》,16: 127-180。\n黃登榆(1997年12月)。〈網路色情現象初探:從閱聽人的角度談起〉,「資訊科技與社會轉型學術研討會」,台北市南港。\n葉日武(2008)。〈反向題對量表的信度與效度的影響-以個人涉入量表為例〉【摘要】。2008「商管學術與實務研討會」專題演講與論文集。取自桃園創新技術學院機構典藏http://ir.lib.tiit.edu.tw/handle/987654321/5455\n劉力仁(2012年5月16日)。〈網路內容分級辦法廢除 NCC改推TIWF架構〉,《自由電子報》,上網日期:2012年1月1日,取自http://iservice.libertytimes.com.tw/liveNews/news.php?no=640914&type=%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB\n劉達臨(2004)。《情色文化史(上冊)性的解放與禁錮:從雜交、春宮到房中術》。新北市:八方。\n劉達臨(2006)。《世界性史圖鑑》。新北市:八方。\n鄭素俠(2008)。〈網絡環境中的“第三人效果”:社會距離與認知偏差〉,《新聞大學》,95: 25-28。\n閻大富(2011年8月1日)。〈家長最擔心網路色情 專家:勇報不良網站〉,《中時電子報》,上網日期:2013年1月13日,取自http://life.chinatimes.com/2009Cti/Channel/Life/life-article/0,5047,130518+132011080100677,00.html\n戴怡君、董旭英(2002)。〈使用網際網路進行互動者特質之探討〉,《資訊社會研究》,2: 29-58。\n謝文華、顏若瑾、曾韋禎(2012年3月1日)。〈色情網掛外國 沒得管〉,《自由時報》(社會、體育版),B1版。\n羅文輝(1999年12月)。〈色情網站:使用頻率及第三人效果〉,「資訊科技與社會轉型學術研討會」,台北市南港。\n羅文輝(2000a)。〈色情網站:使用頻率及第三人效果〉,《傳播研究集刊》,5: 1-40。\n羅文輝(2000b)。〈性策略理論、性別、第三人效果與支持限制色情媒介〉,《新聞學研究》,63: 201-222。\n羅文輝(2000c)。〈媒介負面內容與社會距離對第三人效果認知的影響〉,《新聞學研究》,65: 95-129。\n羅文輝(2003年12月)。「色情場所:性別、出入頻率與第三人效果」,「家庭、政治、色情與身體意識的性別現象-台灣地區社會變遷基本調查第六次研討會」,台北市南港。\n羅文輝(2010)。《個人主義/集體主義與第三人效果》。(行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告,NSC 97-2410-H-004-062-SSS)。台北:政治大學新聞系。\n羅文輝、牛隆光(2003)。〈自尊、第三人效果與對限制媒介支持度的關聯性研究〉。《新聞學研究》,75: 141-167。\n羅文輝、吳筱玫、向倩儀、劉蕙苓(2008)。〈網路色情與互動性活動對青少年性態度與性行為影響研究〉,《傳播與社會學刊》。5: 35-69。\n羅文輝、從桂、張國良(2011)。〈大陸男女青年收看網路色情的第三人效果研究〉,《廣播與電視》。33: 89-110。\n羅文輝、陳海楠、蘇蘅(2012)。〈美國牛肉進口新聞的第三人效果研究〉,《傳播文化》。11: 1-34。\n羅文輝、程曉萱(2012)。〈谷歌退出中國新聞的第三人效果研究〉,《資訊社會研究》。23: 66-95。\n羅文輝、蘇鑰機、張國良(2012)。〈個人主義/集體主義與網絡色情的第三人效果〉,馮應謙、黃懿慧編《華人傳播想像》,頁265-292。香港:香港中文大學香港亞太研究所。\n蘇文彬(2012年8月27日)。〈卡提諾論壇關站 指控檢調箝制言論自由〉,《iThome Online》,上網日期:2012年9月12日,取自http://www.ithome.com.tw/itadm/article.php?c=75828\n\n二、英文部分\nAllen, M., Alessio, D., & Brezgel, K. (1995). A meta-analysis summarizing the effects of pornography: Aggression after exposure. Human Communication Research, 22(2), 238-258.\nAndrisani, D., Gaal, A.V., Gillette, D., & Steward, S. (2001). Making the most of interactivity online. Technical Communication, 48(3), 309–323.\nBaird, R. M. & Rosenbaum, S. E. (1998). Pornography: Private right or public menace? New York, NY: Prometheus Books.\nBelsley, D. A., Edwin, K. & Welsch, R. E. (1980). Regression diagnostics: identifying influential data and sources of collinearity. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.\nBerry, W. D., & Feldman, S. (1993). Multiple regression in practice. In Lewis-Beck, M. S. (Eds.) Regression Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.\nBezjian-Avery, A., Calder, B., & Iacobucci, D. (1998). New media interactive advertising vs. traditional advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 38(4), 23–33.\nBlattberg, R., & Deighton, J. (1991). Interactive marketing: Exploiting the age of addressability. Sloan Management Review, 33(1), 5-14.\nBorsook, T. K., & Higginbotham-Wheat, N. (1991). Interactivity: What is it and what can it do for computer-based instruction. Educational Technology, 31(5), 11-17.\nBrosius, H. B., & Engel, D. (1996). The causes of third-person effects: Unrealistic optimism, impersonal impact, or generalized negative attitudes toward media influence? International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8(2), 142-162.\nBuerkel-Rothfuss, N. L., Strouse, J. S., Pettey, G., & Shatzer, M. (1993). Adolescents’ and young adults’ exposure to sexually oriented and sexually explicit media. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.\nBurgoon, J. K., Burgoon, M., & Wilkinson, M. (1981). Writing style as predictor of newspaper readership, satisfaction and image. Journalism Quarterly, 58(2), 225-231.\nBurgoon, J., Bonito, J. A., Bengtsson, B., Cederberg, C., Lundeberg, M., & Allspach, L. (2000). Interactivity in human-computer interaction: A study of credibility, understanding, and influence. Computers in Human Behavior, 16(6), 553-574.\nBuss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evoluntionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100(2), 204-232.\nCarroll, J., Padilla-Walker, L., Nelson, L., Olson, C., McNamara-Barry, C., & Madsen, S. (2008). Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, 6-30.\nCavazos, E. A., & Morin, G. (1994). Cyberspace and the law: Your rights and duties in the on-line world. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.\nChapin, J. (2002). Third-person perception and school violence. Communication Research Reports, 19(3), 216-225.\nCheck, J. V. P. (1985). The effects of violent and nonviolent pornography. Ottawa, Canada: Department of Justice for Canada.\nChia, S. C., Lu, K. H., & Mcleod, D. M. (2004). Sex, lies, and video compact disc: A case study on third-person perception and motivations for media censorship, Communication Research, 31(1), 109-130.\nCho, C. H. (1999) How advertising works on the WWW: Modified elaboration likelihood model, Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 21(1), 33.\nCho, H., & Boster, F. J. (2008). First and third person perception on anti-drug ads among adolescents. Communication Research, 35(2), 169-189.\nChock, T. M., Fox, J. R., Angelini, J. R., Lee, S., & Lang, A. (2008). Telling me quickly: How arousing fast-paced PSAs decrease self-other differences. Communication Research, 34(6), 618-636.\nChou, C. (2003). Interactivity and interactive functions in Web-based learning systems: A technical framework for designers. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(3), 265–279.\nChung, H., & Zhao, X. (2004), Effects of perceived interactivity on Web site preference and memory: Role of personal motivation, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(1), Article 7. Retrieved May 20, 2012, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue1/chung.html\nCohen, J., & Davis, R. G. (1991). Third-person effects and the differential impact in negative political advertising. Journalism Quarterly, 68, 680-688.\nCohen, J., Mutz, D., Price, V., & Gunther, A. C. (1988). Perceived impact of defamation: An experiment on third-person effects. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 161-173.\nConover, P., & Feldman, S. (1989). Candidate perception in an ambiguous world. American Journal of Political Science, 33, 912-940.\nCoomber, R. (1997). Dangerous drug adulteration—an international survey of drug dealers using the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW). International Journal of Drug Policy, 8, 71-81.\nCooper, A. (1998). Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the new millennium. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 1, 181-187.\nCouper, M. P. (2000). Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(4), 464-494.\nCoyle, J. R., & Thorson, E., (2001), The effects of progressive levels of interactivity and vividness in Web marketing sites, Journal of Advertising, 30(3), 65-77.\nDavison, W. (1983). The third-person effect in communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 1-13.\nDavison, W. (1996). The third-person effect revisited. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8, 113-119.\nDay, A. (2008). Out of the living room and into the voting booth: An analysis of corporate public affairs advertising under the third person effect. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(2), 243-260.\nDeVellis R. F. (1998). Scale development: Theory and applications. CA: SAGE.\nDiefenbach, D. L. & West, M. D. (2007). Television and attitudes toward mental health issues: Cultivation analysis and the third-person effect. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(2), 181-195.\nDillman, D. A. (2000). Mail and Internet surveys. New York, NY: John Wiley.\nDommeyer, C. J., & Moriarty, E. (2000). Comparing two forms of an e-mail survey: Embedded vs. attached. International Journal of Market Research, 42(1), 39-50.\nDonnerstein, E., Linz, D., & Penrod, S. (1987). The question of pornography: Research findings and policy implications, New York, NY: Free Press. \nDownes, E. J., & McMillan, S. J. (2000). Defining interactivity: A qualitative identification of key dimensions. New Media & Society, 2(2), 157-179.\nDrezner, D. W., & Farrell, H. (2004, September). The power and politics of blogs. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.\nDuck, J. M., & Mullin, B. (1995). The perceived impact of the mass media: Reconsidering the third-person effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 77-93.\nDuck, J. M., Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1995). The perceived influence of AIDS advertising: Third-person effects in the context of positive media content. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 305-325.\nDworkin, A. (1989). Pornography: Men possessing women. New York, NY: Perigee Books.\nEroglu, S. A., Machleit, K. A., & Davis, L. M. (2003). Empirical testing of a model of online store atmospherics and shopper responses. Psychology & Marketing, 20 (2), 139-150.\nFinal report of the attorney general‘s commission on pornography. (1986). Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill Press.\nFlew, T. (2002). New media: An introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.\nFornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measurement error: A comment. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 39-50.\nFreud, S. (1989). Civilization and its discontents. (Strachey, J. Trans.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton. ( Original work published 1930)\nGilkins, J. B. (2007). Question-order effects and the third-person effect: Distinguishing impact of question-order on the third-person effect in the context of violent video games. Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of Communication, University of Delaware, Delaware.\nGillmor, D. (2004). We the media. Sebastopol, CA: O`Reilly Media.\nGlynn, C. J., & Ostman, R. E. (1988). Public opinion about public opinion. Journalism Quarterly, 65, 299-306.\nGobry, P. E., & Saint, N. (2011, August 5). 15 things you need to know about Internet porn. Business Insider. Retrieved June 14, 2012, from http://www.businessinsider.com/15-things-you-need-to-know-about-internet-porn-2011-8. \nGolan, G. J., Banning, S. A., & Lundy, L. (2008). Likelihood to vote, candidate choice, and the third person effect: Behavioral implication of political advertising in the 2004 presidential election. American Behavioral Scientists, 52(2), 278-290. \nGriffiths, M. (2001). Sex on the Internet: Observations and implications for Internet sex addiction. Journal of Sex Research, 38, 333-342.\nGunther, A. C. (1991a). What we think others think: Cause and consequence in the third-person effect. Communication Research, 18, 355-372.\nGunther, A. C. (1991b, August). The third-person effect and support for restrictions on pornography. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Boston, MA.\nGunther, A. C. (1995). Overrating the x-rating: The third-person perception and support for censorship of pornography. Journal of Communication, 45, 27-38.\nGunther, A. C., & Hwa, A. P. (1996). Public perceptions of television influence and opinions about censorship in Singapore. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8, 248-265.\nGunther, A. C., & Mundy, P. (1993). Biased optimism and the third person effects. Journalism Quarterly, 70, 57-67.\nGunther, A. C., & Thorson, A. (1992). Perceived persuasive effects of product commercials and public service announcements. Communication Research, 19, 574-596.\nHa, L., & James, E. L. (1998). Interactivity reexamined: A baseline analysis of early business web sites. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 42(4), 457-474.\nHair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.\nHeeter, C. (1989). Implications of new interactive technologies for conceptualizing communication. In J. Salvaggio & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media use in the information age (pp. 217-235). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence, Erlbaum.\nHeeter, C. (2000). Interactivity in the context of designed experiences. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 1(1), 75–89.\nHewson, C., Yule, P., Laurent, D., & Vogel, C. (2003). Internet research methods: A practical guide for the social and behavioral sciences. London, UK: SAGE.\nHills, B. (2001). Explaining individual differences in third-person perception: A limits/possibilities perspective. Communication Research, 28, 156-180.\nHoffman, D. L., & Novak T. P. (1996), Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations, Journal of Marketing, 60 , 50-68.\nHoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2002). Parent’s responses to television violence: The third person perception, parental mediation and support for censorship. Media Psychology, 4, 231-252.\nHoffner, C., Plotkin, R. S., Buchanan, M., Anderson, J. D., Kamigaki, S. K., Hubbs, L.A., Kowalczyk, L., Silberg, K., & Pastorek, A. (2001). The third-person effect in perceptions of the influence of television violence. Journal of Communication, 51, 2, 283-299.\nHoorens, V., & Ruiter, S. (1996). The optimal impact phenomenon: Beyond the third person effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 599-610.\nHornsby, R. (1995). Speech acts and pornography. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.\nHuh, J., DeLorme, D. E., & Reid, L. N. (2008). Operationalizing the second-person effect and its Relationship to behavioral outcomes of direct-to-consumer advertising, American Behavioral Scientist, 52(2), 186-207.\nHunt, L. (1993). The invention of pornography. New York, NY: Zone Books.\nHwang H., Pan Z., & Sun Y. (2006, June). Where do we start? An exploration of anchoring effect in the third-person perceptions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden, Germany.\nHwang, J. S., & McMillan S. J. (2002, March). The role of interactivity and involvement in attitude toward the Web site. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Advertising. Jacksonville, FL.\nInnes, J. M., & Zeitz, H. (1988). The public’s view of the impact of the mass media: A test of the “third person” effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 457-463.\nIvory, J., & Kalyanaraman, S. (2005, May). The effects of content and person abstraction on third-person effect size in the context of violent video games. Paper presented to the Mass Communication Division at the 55th annual convention of the International Communication Association, New York, NY.\nJensen, J. F. (1998). Interactivity: Tracing a new concept in media and communication studies. Nordicom Review, 19(1), 237-249.\nJiang Z., Chan, J., Tan, B. C. Y., & Chua W. S. (2010). Effects of interactivity on website involvement and purchase intention. Journal of the association for information systems, 11(1), 34-59.\nJohnson, G. J., Bruner, II G. C., & Kumar, A. (2006), Interactivity and its facets revisited, Journal of Advertising, 35(4), 35-52 .\nJomes, A. P., & James, L. R. (1979), Psychological climate: dimensions and relationships of individual and aggregated work environment perceptions, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 23(2), 201-250.\nKendrick, W. (1996). The secret museum: Pornography in modern culture. Los Angeles, CA: First California Paperback Printing.\nKiousis, S. (2002). Interactivity: A concept explication. New Media & Society, 4(3), 355-383.\nKoch, N. S., & Emrey, J. A. (2001). The Internet and opinion measurement: Surveying marginalized populations. Social Science Quarterly, 82(1), 131-138.\nKoufaris, M. (2002). Applying the technology acceptance model and flow theory to online consumer behavior. Information Systems Research, 13(2), 205-223.\nLambe, J. L., & McLeod, D. M. (2005) Understanding third-person perception processes: Predicting perceived impact on self and others for multiple expressive contexts. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 277-291.\nLasorsa, D. L. (1989). Real and perceived effects of “amerika”. Journalism Quarterly, 66, 373-378, 529.\nLee, B. (2001). Perception and support for censorship of Internet pornography: The influence of individualism/collectivism and Internet self-efficacy on the third-person effect. Unpublished master’s thesis, Michigan State University, Michigan. \nLee, B., & Tamborini, R. (2005). Third-person effect and internet pornography: The influence of collectivism and internet self-efficacy, Journal of Communication, 55(2), 292-310.\nLee, C., & Yang, S. (1996, August). Third-person perception and support for censorship of sexually explicit visual content: A Korean case. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA.\nLevinson, P. (2004). Cellphone: The story of the world`s most mobile medium and how it has transformed everything. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian. \nLi, X. (2008). Third-person effect, optimistic bias, and sufficiency resource in Internet use, Journal of Communication, 58, 568-587.\nLievrouw, L., & Livingstone, S. (2002). Handbook of new media: Social shaping and Consequences of ICTs. London, UK: SAGE.\nLight, A., & Wakeman, I. (2001). Beyond the interface: Users’ perceptions of interaction and audience on websites. Interacting with Computers, 13(3), 325–351.\nLinz, D. (1985). Sexual violence in media: Effects on male viewers and implication for society. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison. \nLinz, D., & Malamuth, N. (1993). Pornography. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.\nLister M., Jon D., Gidding S., Iain G., & Kieran K., (2003). New Media: A critical introduction. London, UK: Routledge.\nLiu, Y. P., & Shrum, L. J. (2002). What is interactivity and is it always such a good thing? Implications of definition, person, and situation for the influence of interactivity on advertising effectiveness. Journal of Advertising, 31(4), 53–64.\nLiu, Y., & Shrum, L. J. (2009). A dual-process model of interactivity effects. Journal of Advertising, 38(2), 53-68.\nLo, V. (2001). Sexual strategies theory gender exposure and support for restriction of pornography on the Internet. Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, 1(4), 1-12.\nLo, V., & Paddon, A. (2001). Third-person effect, gender differences, pornography exposure and support for restriction of pornography. Asian Journal of Communication, 11(1), 120-142.\nLo, V., & Paddon, A. R. (1998 August). The third-person perception and support for restrictions of pornography: Some methodological problems. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Baltimore, MD.\nLo, V., & Paddon, A. R. (1999, August). How sexual strategies theory, gender, and the third-person effect explain attitudes about pornography. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, New Orleans, LA.\nLo, V., & Paddon, A. R. (2000). The third-person perception and support for restrictions of pornography: Some methodological problems. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 12(1), 80-89.\nLo, V., & Wei, R. (2000). Third-person effect, gender, and support for Restriction of pornography on the Internet. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, NV. \nLo, V., & Wei, R. (2002). Third-person effect, gender and support for restriction of pornography on the Internet. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 46, 13-33.\nLo, V., & Wei, R. (2005a). Exposure to Internet pornography and Taiwanese adolescents’ sexual attitudes and behavior. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 49(2), 221-237.\nLo, V., & Wei, R. (2005b, July). Gender patronage of adult entertainment clubs and support for restriction on the sex trade: A third-person effect study. Paper presented at the annual meeting of International Association for Media and Communication Research, Taipei, Taiwan.\nLo, V., & Wei, R. (2006). Perceptual differences in assessing the harms of patronizing adult entertainment clubs. International Journal for Public Opinion Research, 18(4), 475-487.\nLo, V., So, C., & Zhang, G. (2010) , The influence of individualism and collectivism on Internet pornography exposure, sexual attitudes and sexual behavior among college students. The Chinese Journal of Communication, 3(1), 10-27.\nLo, V., Wei, R., & Wu, H. (2010). Examining the first, second and third-person effects of Internet pornography on Taiwanese adolescents: implications for the restriction of pornography. Asian Journal of Communication, 20(1), 90-103.\nLongino, H. E. (1980). Pornography, oppression and freedom: A closer look. In L. Leaderer (Ed.), Take back the night: Women on pornography (pp. 40-54). New York, NY: William Morrow.\nLustria, M. L. A. (2007). Can interactivity make a difference? Effects of interactivity on the comprehension of and attitudes toward online health content. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 58(6), 766-776. \nLyons, J. S., Anderson, R. L., & Larson, D. B. (1994). A systematic review of the effects of aggressive and nonaggressive pornography. In D. Zillmann, J. Bryant, & A. C. Huston (Eds.), Media, family, and children: Social, scientific, psychodynamic, and clinical perspectives (pp. 271-310). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Eribaum Associates. \nMahood, C., Kalyanaraman, S., & Sundar, S. S. (2000, August). The effects of erotica and dehumanizing pornography in an online interactive environment. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), Phoenix, AZ.\nMalamuth N., Addison, T., & Koss, M. (2000). Pornography and sexual aggression: Are there reliable effects and can we understand them? Annual Review of Sex Research, 11, 26-94.\nMalamuth, N., & Check, J. (1981). The effects of mass media exposure on acceptance of violence against women: A field experiment. Journal of Research in Personality, 15, 436-446.\nMassey, B. L., & Levy, M. R. (1999). Interactivity, online journalism, and English-language Web newspapers in Asia. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(1), 138-151. \nMcLeod, D. M., Eveland, W. P., & Nathanson, A. I. (1997). Support for censorship of violent and misogynic rap lyrics: An analysis of the third-person effect. Communication Research, 24, 153-174.\nMcMillan, S. J. (1999). Health communication and the Internet: Relations between interactive characteristics of the medium and site creators, content, and purpose. Health Communication, 11(4B), 375–391.\nMcMillan, S. J. (2000). Interactivity is in the eye of the beholder: Function, perception, involvement, and attitude toward the web site. In M. A. Shaver (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2000 Conference of the American Academy of Advertising (pp. 71-78). East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.\nMcMillan, S. J., & Hwang, J. S. (2002). Measures of perceived interactivity: An exploration of the role of direction of communication, user control, and time in shaping perceptions of interactivity. Journal of Advertising, 31(3), 29-42.\nMcMillan, S. J., Hwang, J. S., & Lee, G. (2003). Effects of structural and perceptual factors on attitudes toward the Website, Journal of Advertising Research, 43(4), 400-409.\nMehta, M. D., & Plaza, D. E. (1997). Pornography in cyberspace: An exploration of what`s in usenet, In S. Kiesler (Ed.), Culture of the Internet (pp. 53-67). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.\nMutz, D. (1989). The influence of perception of media influence. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 1, 3-24.\nNeuwirth, K., & Frederick, E. (2002). Extending the framework of third-, first and second-person effects. Mass Communication & Society, 5, 113-140.\nNeuwirth, K., Frederick, E., & Mayo, C. (2002). Person-effects and heuristic systematic processing. Communication Research, 29(3), 320-340.\nNewhagen, J. E., & Cordes, J. W. (1995). Nightly@nbc.com: Audience scope and the perception of interactivity in viewer mail on the Internet. Journal of Communication, 45(3), 164–176.\nParadise, A., & Sullivan, M., (2012). (In)visible threats? The third-person effect in perceptions of the influence of facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social networking, 15(1), 55-60.\nPaul, B. M., & Shim, J. (2006, June). The third person effect, sexual affect, and support for Internet pornography regulation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden, Germany. \nPaul, B., Salwen, M. B., & Dupagne, M. (2000). The third-person effect: A meta-analysis of the perceptual hypothesis. Mass Communication & Society, 3(1), 57-85.\nPaul, P. (2005). Pornified: How pornography is transforming our lives, our relationships, and our families. Newyork, NY: Times Books. \nPeiser, W., & Peter, J. (2000). Third-person perception of television-viewing behavior. Journal of Communication, 50, 25-45.\nPeng, W. J. (1997). Image, affect, and perceptions in the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election. Chinese Political Science Review, 28, 83-109.\nPerloff, R. M. (1989). Ego involvement and the third-person effect of televised news coverage. Communication Research, 16, 236-262.\nPerloff, R. M. (1993). Third-person effect research 1983-1992: A review and synthesis. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 5, 167–184.\nPerloff, R. M. (1999). The third-person effect: A critical review and synthesis. Media Psychology, 1, 353-378.\nPerloff, R. M. (2002). The third-person effect. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 489-506). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.\nPerloff, R. M. (2008). Mass media, social perception, and the third-person effect. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 252-268). Hillsday, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.\nPeter, J., & Valkenburg, P. (2006). Adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit material on the Internet. Communication Research, 33, 178-204.\nPrice, V., Tewksbury, D., & Huang, L. N. (1998). Third-person effects on publication of a Holocaust-denial advertisement. Journal of Communication, 48(2), 3-26.\nRafaeli, S. (1988). Interactivity: From new media to communication. In R. P. Hawkins, J. M. Wiemann & S. Pingree (Eds.), Advancing communication science: Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp. 110-134). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.\nRafaeli, S., & Sudweeks, F. (1997). Networked interactivity. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2(4). Retrieved from http://jcmc.huji.ac.il/vol2/issue4/rafaeli.sudweeks.html.\nRice R. E., & Williams F. (1984). Theories old and new: The study of new media, In Rice R. E. (Eds.), The new media: Communication research and technology (pp. 55-80). Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.\nRimmer, M. (1995). Marketing pornography on the information superhighway: A survey of 917, 410 images, descriptions, short stories, and animations downloaded 8.5 million times by consumers in over 2000 cities in 40 countries, provinces, and territories. The Georgetown Law Journal, 83(5), 1849-1934.\nRobinson, M. J., & Kohut, A. (1988). Believability and the press. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 174-189.\nRogers, E. M. (1986). Communication technology: The new media in society. New York, NY: Free Press.\nRojas, H. (1994). Censorship and the third-person effect in mass communication. Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.\nRojas, H., Shah, D., & Faber, R. (1996). For the good of others: Censorship and the thirdperson effect. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8, 163-186.\nRoss, M. E. (1990). Censorship or education? Feminist views on pornography. Christian Century, 244-246.\nRucinski, D., & Salmon, C. T. (1990). The “other” as the vulnerable voter: A study of the third-person effect in the 1988 U.S. presidential campaign. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 2, 345-368.\nRuggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication & Society, 3 (1), 33-37.\nRussell, D. E. H. (1988). Pornography and rape: A causal model. Political Psychology, 9, 41-73.\nSalwen, M. B. (1998). Perceptions of media influence and support for censorship: The Third-person effect in the 1996 presidential election. Communication Research, 25, 259-285.\nSalwen, M. B., & Driscoll, P. D. (1997). Consequences of third-person perception in support of press restrictions in the 0.1. Simpson trial. Journal of Communication, 47(2), 60-78.\nSalwen, M. B., & Dupagne, M. (1999). The third-person effect: Perceptions of the media’s influence and immoral consequences. Communication Research, 26(5), 523-549.\nScharrer, E. (2002). Third-person perception and television violence: The role of out-group stereotyping in perceptions of susceptibility to effects. Communication Research, 29(6), 681-704.\nScharrer, E., & Leone, R. (2006). I know you are but what am I? Young people’s perceptions of varying types of video game influence. Mass Communication & Society, 9, 261-286.\nScharrer, E., & Leone, R. (2008). First-person shooters and the third-person effect. Human Communication Research, 34(2), 210-233. \nSchutlz, T. (1999). Interactive options in online journalism: A content analysis of 100 U.S. Newspapers. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 5(1). Retrieved from http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue1/schutlz.html.\nSchuurink, E. L., & Toet A. (2010). Effects of third person perspective on affective appraisal and engagement: Findings from SECOND LIFE. Simulation & Gaming, 41(5), 724-742.\nSchwier, R. A., & Misanchuk, E. R. (1993). Interactive multimedia instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publication.\nSong, J. H., & Zinkhan, G. M. (2008), Determinants of perceived Website interactivity, Journal of Marketing, 72 (2), 99-113.\nSpirek, M., & Bridges, C. (2006, June). Schools` use of technology in the 21st century: A public relations concern regarding the protection of children online. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden, Germany.\nSteinem, G. (1980). Erotica and pornography: A clear and present difference. In Laure Lederer (Ed.) Take back the night: Women pornography (pp. 35-39). New York, NY: William Morrow.\nSteinem, G. (1995). Erotica and pornography: A clear and present difference. In S. Dwyer (Ed.), The problem of pornography (pp. 29-34). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.\nSteuer, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication,42(4), 73-93.\nStigum, H. (2006). Use of pornography in traditional media and on the Internet in Norway The Journal of Sex Research, 43(3), 245-254.\nSundar, S. S., Kalyanaraman, S., & Brown, J. (2003). Explicating Web site interactivity. Communication Research, 30(1), 30–59.\nTal-Or, N., Tsfati, Y., & Gunther, A. C. (2009). The influence of presumed media influence: Origins and implications of the third-person perception. In R. L. Nabi & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), The Sage handbook of media processes and effects (pp. 99-112). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.\nTewksbury, D. (2002). The role of comparison group size in the third-person effect. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14, 247-263.\nThe Williams committee, (1979) Report of the Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship (Cmnd 7772). London, UK: HMSO.\nThompson, M. E., Chaffee, S. H., & Oshagan, H. H. (1990). Regulating pornography: A public dilemma. Journal of Communication, 40, 73-83.\nThorbjornsen, H., Supphellen, M., Nysveen, H., & Pedersen, P. E. (2002). Building brand relationships online: A comparison of two interactive applications, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16 (3), 17-34.\nThornburgh, D., & Lin, H. (2002). Youth, pornography, and the Internet. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.\nTiedge, J. T., Silverblatt, A., Havice, M. J., & Rosenfeld, R. (1991). Discrepancy between perceived first-person and perceived third-person mass media effects. Journalism Quarterly, 68, 141-154.\nTremayne, M., & Dunwoody, S. (2001). Interactivity, information processing, and learning on the World Wide Web. Science Communication, 23(2), 111-134.\nVallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 577-585.\nVoorveld, H. A. M., Neijens, P. C., & Smit, E. G., (2011). The relation between actual and perceived interactivity: What makes the web sites of top global brands truly interactive? Journal of Advertising, 40(2), 77-92.\nWalsh, J. P., Kiesler, S., Sproull, L. S., & Hesse, B. W. (1992). Self-selected and randomly selected respondents in a computer network survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 241-244.\nWan F., & Youn, S. (2004). Motivations to regulate online gambling and violent game sites: An account of the third-person effect. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 5(1), 46-59.\nWei, R., Lo, V. H., & Lu, H. (2007). Reconsidering the relationship between the third-person perception and optimistic bias. Communication Research, 34(6), 665-684.\nWilliams, F., Rice, R. E., & Rogers, E. M. (1988). Research methods and the new media. New York, NY: Free Press.\nWillnat, L., He, Z., Takeshita, T., & Lopez-Escobar, E. (2002). Perceptions of foreign media influence in Asia and Europe: The third-person effect and media imperialism. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14(2), 175-192.\nWilson, W. C., & Abelson, H. I. (1973). Experience with and attitudes toward explicit sexual materials. Journal of Social Issues, 29(3), 19-39.\nWitte, J, C., Amoroso, L. M., & Howard, P. E. N. (2000). Research methodology: Method and representation in Internet-based survey tools—Mobility, community, and cultural identity in Survey2000. Social Science Computer Review, 18(2), 179-195.\nWu, G. (1999, March). Perceived interactivity and attitudes toward Web sites. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Advertising in Albuquerque, NM.\nWu, G. (2006). Conceptualizing and measuring the perceived interactivity of Websites, Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 28(1), 87-104.\nWu, W., & Koo, S. H. (2001). Perceived effects of sexually explicit internet content: the third-person effect in Singapore, Journalism & Mass Communication, 78(2), 260-274.\nXu, J., & Gonzenbach, W. J. (2008). Does a perceptual discrepancy lead to action? A meta-analysis of the behavioral component of the third-person effect. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(3), 375-385.\nYoung, K. S. (2008). Internet sex addiction risk factors, stages of development, and treatment. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(1), 21-37.\nZaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct, Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 341-352.\nZaichkowsky, J. L. (1994) The personal involvement inventory: Reduction, revision, and application to advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23(4), 59-70.\nZhao, X., & Cai, X. (2004, May). From optimistic bias to supporting censorship: The third-person effect process in the case of Internet pornography. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans, LA.\nZhao, X., & Cai, X. (2008). From self-enhancement to supporting censorship: The third-person effect process in the case of Internet pornography. Mass Communication and Society, 11, 437-462.\nZillmann, D. (1986). Effects of prolonged consumption of pornography. Retrieved from National Library of Medicine`s Profiles in Science Web site: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/C/K/V/_/nnbckv.pdf
描述: 碩士
國立政治大學
廣播電視學研究所
99453003
101
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099453003
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

Files in This Item:
File SizeFormat
300301.pdf1.78 MBAdobe PDF2View/Open
Show full item record

Google ScholarTM

Check


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.