新自由主義與中國大陸退休養老制度改革

Abstract

中國大陸的改革開放已經使得中國大陸日益朝一個資本主義社會方向發展，原有的社會保障體制也正發生根本的改變。就退休養老制度改革而言，原有的以個人工作單位為保障的模式（單位保障制）已經無法再維持，從一九九○年代後半葉起，中國大陸已經建立起一種三層式的社會保障制。這種制度現在被稱為「社會統籌與個人帳戶相結合」制度，在當前全球退休金制度改革的過程中，實具有制度創新的意義。這套退休養老制度的建立，一方面與中國大陸原有的社會主義體制有著密切關係，另一方面又受到近年來西方盛行的新自由主義意識形態影響。同時，這套退休養老制度可能還只是過渡性的，主要在解決原有的「單位保障制」轉軌至現行的「社會保障制」所面臨的各項問題，中共當局還在不斷的進行修正，因此未來還會繼續發生變化。本文主要是企圖透過對中國大陸退休養老制度變革的分析，探討當實存社會主義國家與新自由主義相過時，會發展出一套什麼樣性質的社會保障體制，以及這套退休養老制度所面臨的問題。

The reform policy pursued by the Mainland Chinese government since 1978 has transformed the country into an ever more capitalist society and the original social security system has undergone a radical change. The pension system was reformed because the original modes, with the work unit one worked in providing retirement benefits (Unit Security System), could no longer continue. Since the last half of the 1990s, a three-pillar social security system has been established in the Mainland. This system, described as \"a system combining a pay-as-you-go social insurance component with a funded individual component,\" has had a great impact on pension reform around the world. The establishment of this pension system has a close relationship with the original socialist system of the Mainland, but it has also been influenced by the Neo-Liberalist ideology prevailent in Western countries during the past few years. However, this pension system could be a transitional solution to the problems found in moving from a \"Unit Security System\" to the present \"Social Security System\". Many changes will take place in the future because the China Central Government is continuing to modify the system. This article mainly discusses what kind of social security system will be developed and what problems will arise in this pension system. The analysis will focus on the introduction of Neo-Liberalism into the socialist context Mainland pension reform