國軍參與防災救難機制之研究—以八八水災及梅姬風災為例

Abstract

台灣因所在地理位置特殊，長期以來一直遭受天然災害的威脅，我國自災害防救法頒佈後，明文規定當中央及各級政府無法因應災害處理時可以申請軍隊支援。在幾次重大天然災害中，國軍與政府及民間救難團隊已有豐富合作的經驗，自八八水災後國軍救災角色及責任更為重要，馬總統在出席99年國軍重要幹部研習會指示：「災害防救」是國軍中心任務，國軍要超前部署、預置兵力，隨時防救，防災重於救災，離災優於救災。故在梅姬颱風期間，超前預置兵力更凸顯國軍救災的重要性。\n國防部也於2009 年國防報告書中提出周延防災整備的作法，國軍對於災害防救的角色由「接受申請、支援」轉換為「主動、協調執行」。然國家建立軍隊的目的，主要還是應付外在敵對勢力的威脅，建立堅實的國防武力，達成防衛固守、有效嚇阻的國防戰略。國軍救災從以往應援改為中心任務，此一重大變革勢必對國軍未來的角色、功能及戰力有十分深遠的影響，因此國軍應如何投入災害救援，平衡戰備整備與救災工作，則必須對於現階段軍隊參與災害救援的相關作法進行探討，重新思考與規劃並進行政策之可行性做分析。\n本篇論文採用文獻回顧和分析歸納的方法，綜觀國軍歷經幾次天然災害救援經驗，以八八水災及梅姬風災救災案例探討國軍現行參與災害救援問題並針對下列問題做分析：第一，政府已明確將救災列為國軍中心任務，但對於民間救難團隊、政府機關救難機制主從、整合及角色定位與指揮權責模糊不清。第二，國軍救災法源依據仍顯不足尚待立法及救災期間所需經費支出及來源問題。第三，天然災害發生時國軍投入救災執行效能仍有進步空間主要因素在於救災專業人力及裝(設)備不足。第四，國軍面臨救災前夕與另一非軍事行動時，兵力超前部屬必要性及孰輕孰重？或面對複合式災害時超前預置兵力是否可行？對上述的種種問題，將影響未來面對重大災害時國軍參與救災工作，因此重新檢討我國軍隊參與救災之適切性和可行性後，進一步對現行國軍參與災害防救之行動方案，提出檢討與建議。

Taiwan has suffered in the threats of natural disasters for years, as its unique location. After the promulgation of Disaster Prevention and Response Act., a rule was written that military support can be applied for activation once the Government is no longer able to handle the disaster. Through some severe catastrophes, the military, the Government, as well as nongovernmental rescue teams, had gained profound experience in collaboration. Since the 88 Taiwan Flood, the importance of the military has increased. President Ma pointed out that “Prevent and rescue” is the main mission of the military – setting forces in advance, call-on relief duties, and emphasis on prevention instead of rescue. As a result, in the period of Maggie Typhoon, setting forces in advance had taken its advantage and importance.\n\nDepartment of Defense had issued a robust approach in its report in 2009. The report claims that the role of military in disasters is in a stage of transformation from “Accept appliance & support” to “Initiative & cooperative execution”. The classic aim of establish the army was to construct substantial defense force and to protect the country from invaders and enemies. As the main mission changed, it affects not only the role of the military, but also the function of the army and the strength of force. The policy of the military participating in rescuing needs to be analyzed in the balance of military operations, the plausibility of plans, and further improvements in the future.\n\nThis thesis employs research in studies and induction, using the 88 Taiwan Flood and Maggie Typhoon as examples to review the problems occurred when the military attending in rescue. And the thesis will discuss and analyze the following issues: Firstly, the Government had classified disaster relief as the main mission of the military, however, the position and the role of the government and nongovernmental rescue teams are yet not clear enough. Secondly, the source of Disaster Prevention and Response Act. is still insufficient; the source of finance supports during rescue is vague, either. Thirdly, the shortage of equipments and human resource can be the main direction for improvement. Lastly, when facing both the need of rescue and another non-military action, should the military set in advance with flexibility? Or can it be feasible when facing compound catastrophe?\nQuestions listed above are the main issues discussed in the thesis. Reviews and suggestions will be put forward after further investigation on the plausibility of the military participating in rescue.