公共園林與人文建構：明代中期虎丘地景的文化書寫

Abstract

地景往往隨不同世代的更嬗、書寫主體的詮釋而自成一套表意系統，深具文化象徵意義。明代中期虎丘空間作為文人文化重要消閒、享樂的公共園林，書寫幾經變異，虎丘地景儼然成為吳地文人社群共同體符碼化的重要象徵形式，隱喻著其獨特生命存有的感知與生活情感的樣態，及社會文化的構成與變衍的歷史軌跡。本文分從地景書寫與人文建構、多重中介與消閒狂歡、文人社群與地景再造等面向，論析明代中期文人社群如何透過文學、圖像等話語實踐，賦予虎丘地景作為城郊公共園林一種新的審美形式、社會意涵、文化功能：隨著身體的移動與展演、記憶的召喚與應對、情感的投射與認同、風尚的遞嬗與變革，文人社群如何形塑虎丘空間作為城郊公共園林的重要文化地景，並賦予新的文化詮釋與人文建構？文化地景與身體空間的移動如何彼此定義，相互構成關係？隨著不同社群的集聚、消費文化的帶動、物質條件的支持，虎丘文化地景及其公共園林景觀又如何變異、被改寫？凡此明代中期文人對虎丘地景的文化書寫及公共園林的人文建構，如何展演為一種話語主體的思維方式與觀念價值，又再現出社會的建構屬性和社群的身分認同，同時也呈現出鮮明的區域性格和獨特的生活方式，是本文論述的焦點。

Landscape is often taken as a signifying system that conveys symbolic cultural implications which would transform with different generations and various interpretations made by authors/subjects. Huqiu (虎丘), as a prominent public garden and entertaining space for literati in middle Ming dynasty, had been continuously rewritten. The landscape of Huqiu was a significant symbolic figure for the literati community of Wu province, indicating a unique sensitivity of being, emotional patterns of daily life, socio-cultural constructions, and traces of transition throughout history. Considering aspects as landscape writing and humanistic construction,multiple mediation and carnivalesque entertainment, and literati community and landscape re-creation, this paper analyses how the middle Ming literati community, with discursive practices such as literature and painting, provided the suburban public garden Huqiu a new aesthetic form, social connotation, and cultural function. Along with motion and performance of body, evocation and dialogism of memory, projection and recognition of emotion, transformation and renovation of fashion, how did the literati community shape the space of Huqiu, a suburban public garden, as an important cultural landscape, and bestow new cultural interpretation and humanistic construction on it? How did cultural landscape and movement of body space define each other and correlate? How did the cultural landscape and the public garden outlook of Huqiu being verified and rewritten with assembly of different communities, drive of consumer culture, and assist of material condition? In general, this paper argues how the cultural writing of Huqiu landscape and humanistic construction of public garden by the middle Ming literati were performed as a thinking pattern and conceptual value held by authors / subjects, how they represented constructive qualities of society and identity of community, and how they presented vivid local characteristics and particular life styles.