晉代佛經和《搜神記》中的「來／去」──從構詞看當時的語言規律

Abstract

本文取《搜神記》的語言和西晉佛經作客觀的比較，作全面的、窮盡式的描寫，目的不在於考證《搜神記》的時代問題，而在於透過這兩個表示相對概念的常用字，了解這兩種時代相近的材料當中的具體狀況，觀察它們的異同，以提供漢語史研究的參考。我們可以歸納出「來」字意義上的兩個特性：表時間概念、表空間的活動。晉代漢語的「來」字以前者為主。《搜神記》表現了「來」字作為後綴的強大構詞力，它在構詞上是一個表時間概念的後綴。「去」字的基本用法是作單音節動詞。早期的意義是「離開」，後來演變為「前往」。西晉佛經「去」字出現最多的例子是作單音節動詞，不及物。但「去」字居於後位的複合詞，我們認為已經屬於動補結構，「去」的意義已經虛化，至少已經泛化。所以它能夠自由的和多種動詞相結合。西晉佛經組成複合詞「過去」，表示時間概念，修飾後面的名詞，是最常出現的用語。《搜神記》則無此用語。西晉佛經還有一種《搜神記》所沒有的構詞，就是「去V」的動詞並列式。文末，我們把西晉佛經和《搜神記》「來、去」的語法狀況做成一個對照表，以顯示其中的異同。

This article take SOUSHENJI of Jin Dynasty to compare the Buddhist texts in the area of verb LAI/QU . The purpose is to understand its grammatical function in those days and to describe the similarities and dissimilarities in language usage between two materials. This research will provide a better understanding of history and evolution of Chinese language. The early meaning of QU is ‘ to leave; to depart from’, it changed in meaning and to become ‘to go to; to bound for’ later on. Then, it become ‘empty’ gradually in meaning and turn into a ‘function word’. It combine freely with many different verbs in Jin languge. In Buddhist texts of Jin Dynasty, it form a compound word ‘GUOQU’ to express a time concept, to modify the noun behind it. But there are no such usage found in SOUSHENJI. At the ending of this article, we conclude a table to display the grammaticle situation between SOUSHENJI and Buddhist texts of Jin Dynasty.