二○○八年後梅－普架構下俄羅斯半總統制的檢視

Abstract

一九九○年後，前蘇聯各加盟共和國在政治轉型過程中無論是聯邦或共和國，在其政體的選擇模式，除了波羅的海三國中的拉脫維亞與愛沙尼亞是選擇內閣制，土庫曼爲總統制外，其餘各國主要是選擇半總統制。就制度形式部分來看，在深化其運作效果後，大部分的例子是向三種不同的道路發展：一種走向總統的實質獨裁，第二種是不斷的出現總統－總理∕國會表面化的政治爭議，第三種是總統與總理協力而實權在總理。俄羅斯則是走過這三種道路，形成一個有趣的案例。本文試圖探討有那種角度可以重新評價俄羅斯的半總統制運作。

After 1990, the states that formed out of the former Soviet Union, with the exception of the Baltic states of Latvia and Estonia which opted for parliamentary systems and Turkmenistan which opted for a presidential system, adopted semi-presidential regimes. In terms of the formation and operation of political systems, we can identify three distinct paths. The first is a gradual move towards presidential dictatorship. The second is the emergence of superficial disputes between the president on the one hand, and premier and parliament on the other. The third is the emergence of cooperative arrangements between president and premier, but with actual power held by the premier. Russia has evolved in the third direction, providing an interesting case study. This paper examines Russian semipresidentialism after 2008 from the perspective of this third path.