社區發展、市民社會與生態政治─以恆春半島灰面鷲的參與式保育為例

Abstract

自然資源保育的問題攸關在地居民長期利益和人類共同的利益，但可能和個人的短期利益發生衝突。因此，在經濟利益相對重要的發展中國家，如何克服個人的抗拒，推動保育，不但在學術上是個令人好奇的議題，在實務上也至關重要。本文以屏東滿州鄉的灰面鷲保育過程為例，首先從建構論的觀點分析居民獵鷹「野蠻行為」的在地邏輯，然後描繪在地理解與價值觀重塑的過程，並進一步檢視促成行為轉變的條件與因素。本研究顯示，保育的努力要有成效，必須改變地方居民對於生態現象的理解，進而認同保育的價值。這種生態現象的社會重構，在居民覺得「公道」的狀態下，比較容易進行。臺灣的「社區營造」，提供了適當的誘因機制，能夠降低民眾的敵意與抗拒，讓重構的倡議得以進行；而營造的集體行動往往也有助於改變社區居民對於生態現象的價值觀，並在人際網絡的壓力下，有效保地改變相關行為，讓保育的成果可能隨著社區營造的成功而得以大幅改善。

Hunter is by nature the enemy of the conservationist. Under what condition, however, a hunter would surrender the hunting rifle but engage in conservation by applying his knowledge about the prey? Since hunting is a self-interest action in contrast to conservation that is driven by public-spirited incentive, a transition like this the rise of civil society and thus the course itself and the factors behind it is worthy of careful examination. Conservation is to pursue the interest of a larger society at the costs of economic opportunity of local communities. A workable action theme therefore needs to combine the interests of both by putting conservation and community development under the same framework for contemplation. This study examines the case of conserving Gray-faced Buzzard in Manzhou County where local folks consider the bird as the gift from the God to help them survive the economic difficulty. It takes more means than simply banning such activities. External resources are mobilized and sophisticated scheme has been deployed with involvement of governmental agencies, voluntary associations, and academia. How these actors interact to depict a complicate picture of ecological politics at grassroots level.