俄國德意志人之研究─ 遷入、流放與回歸

Abstract

本文主要探討自1762年到2012年俄國德意志人在俄國的歷史，內容含括德意志人遷移俄國之背景、蘇聯時期的流放以及蘇聯解體後的現況。\n本研究成果主要有四點：(一)、凱薩琳二世為鞏固及開發大片南方新疆土，在1762年開始邀請外國殖民者的政策，眾多特權及優惠吸引了當時歐洲窮困的德意志人遷移至俄國，遷入運動長達百年並在19世紀末逐漸停歇。(二)、對德意志人的流放早自30年代便已展開，1930年初，對德意志人的流放起初為「階級取向」，主要流放富農德意志人，1935年後，逐漸移轉到「民族取向」，以民族作為流放的標準，並一直持續到二戰時期。流放對德意志人的影響甚大，較為明顯的為居住地的改變、職業、母語認同與教育程度的低下。(三)、德意志人在戰後的回歸，主要受到蘇聯與西德政府的外交關係影響，但在蘇聯解體後，則是受到德國移民法規的影響。由於法規趨嚴，俄國德意志人近年來回歸德國人數不斷下滑，且已成為一個趨勢。(四)、目前俄羅斯僅存60萬德意志人，哈薩克約23萬。俄羅斯及哈薩克皆提出優惠條件希望吸引德意志人再度回歸，但真正回歸的寥寥可數，俄國德意志人最終很可能成為歷史名詞。雖然在俄羅斯境內存在兩個德意志人自治區，但德意志人未來很有可能面臨同化的命運。

This article is focused on the history of Russian Germans in Russia from 1762 to 2012, which includes the historical background of their migration to the Russia Empire, deportation in the Soviet era, and their current status after the breakup of the Soviet Union.\nThe author has come to four conclusions as follows:\n1. Emigration of Russian Germans occurred because of the will of Catherine II. During her reign, she intended to consolidate and develop the new annexed land in southern Russia, which eventually led to her first invitation to foreign settlers in 1762. Catherine II provided foreign settlers with a series of privileges and thus attracted mainly Germans- who at that time were beset by poverty. Germans" emigration to Russia lasted for more than 100 years and came to a halt in late 19th century.\n2. The deportation directed at Russian Germans was already in action in the 1930s. From the beginning of 1930s, the deportation of Russian Germans was class-oriented. After 1935, however, it gradually switched to nationality-oriented and remained to be so during WWII. The deportation of Russian Germans had devastating consequences, most predominantly by the change of residence (from Europe to Asia), profession, and by the downfall of mother tongue salience and education level.\n3. The number of Russian German returnees to Germany after WWII was influenced by the diplomatic relations between Soviet Union and West Germany. After the demise of the Soviet Union, the number of returnees, however, was under the influence of domestic immigration laws of Germany. Due to the fact that there had been stricter restrictions toward Russian German returnees in recent years, the number of returnees has been declining and is expected to decrease in the future.\n4. Currently there are around 60 thousand Russian Germans in Russia and another 23 thousand in Kazakhstan. Both counties have proposed good terms to attract Russian Germans to come back, but just a few of them eventually returned. Although there are two German autonomous districts in Russia, the residents in these two districts also face danger of assimilation.