全球保育運動與地方派系：鰲鼓濕地開發案的政治經濟分析

Abstract

近年來全球保育運動強調在地化的治理，認為保育工作唯有切質地結合了地方民眾的願望與利益，才能達到永續治理的目標。然而越接近政治體系基層的治理機制，越強調與生活息息相關的實質利益，高度理想性的濕地保育工作如何可能在貧困的地區落實，是在理論面與質務面同樣引人好奇的問題。台灣的濕地經歷多年有系統的破壞，近年在環保的倡議下，保護區陸續成立，開發步調似已趨緩。但令人好奇的是，像鳥會這類政治性格不強、地方淵源不深的環保團體，如何擋下涉及龐大利益的濕地開發案？從嘉義鰲鼓濕地的開發演變歷程，本研究觀察生態保育與地方經濟，如何可能從零合的衝突情境，轉變成正合情境下的協調發展。此間，研究發現環保團體的倡議功能與上級政府的把關工作固然重要，但地方傳統派系政治的利益如何能與保育的利益結合，讓地方政府朝保育的方向做土地利用規劃，實扮演著關鍵的角色。

Recent years have witnessed a great emphasis on grassroots efforts by global conservation movements. Advocates believe that conservation initiatives cannot be sustained unless they are integrated with a wide variety of local interests and thus gain local support. Nevertheless, given the fact that lower levels of governing systems usually pay more attention to real-life problem solving, how can ideology-driven movements such as ecological conservation survive in poorer rural areas? This paper examines the development history of the Aogu Wetland to understand how the environmental groups have succeeded in preserving a famous wetland in Taiwan. The case indicates that factional politics are not as detrimental to wetland conservation as many people might have expected. Although the conservation groups were still weak at the initial stage, they could have still been very effective in advocating their appeal by utilizing the conflicts of interest between major political factions in the locality.