一九二○年代前期臺、日人的政治競合關係

Abstract

過去研究日治時期臺灣政治史時，常見以「臺灣人」對抗「臺灣總督府」的思考模式，本文企圖打破這樣的二元對立，加入在臺日人的角色，透過對一九二○年代前期「廢廳反對運動」、地方制度變革下「街庄協議會員選任問題」、「臺灣議會設置請願運動」，以及臺灣總督府評議會中「臺灣人之民法繼承議題」等四項政治議題，探討臺灣人、在臺日人與臺灣總督府三方之間的競合關係。\n 本文所稱之「全臺性」（Taiwan size），係指以臺灣全體為基礎之概念，「地方性」（local）則相對於此，指臺灣內部的任一微小、有機單元，它是組成「全臺性」的基本元素。清治以來，臺灣社會已出現分層的現象，到了日治時期，地域社會的發展結構仍在，一九二○年代又誕生了一批新式知識青年，而在臺日人的社會至此也進入穩定階段，他們都是推動臺灣各層級政治活動的主力。\n 臺灣在許多面向始終存在著臺、日人的差別待遇，在臺日人權利雖然受到六三體制的束縛，但臺灣人的政治地位又次於在臺日人，形成層層差別的統治結構，交錯的權力結構與利害關係，交織成不同層級臺、日人不同的互動關係。透過上述四項政治活動，本文發現，總督府、臺灣人與在臺日人各有追求，總督府以穩定統治，維持官憲獨大為目的，一方面要擺脫日本本國政界對總督府的掣肘，一方面也要回應殖民地內部的民意壓力，因此在統治基礎不受動搖的前提下，適當且有限度地釋放政治權力。臺灣人則以提升地位，追求臺、日人平等為終極目標，為此，臺、日人出現競爭與合作的多樣化；在臺日人則懷抱著「維持利益，保持優越」的心理，即使因己身利益受到威脅而與臺人合作，仍舊希望能繼續維持其之餘臺灣人的優越地位。無論總督府、臺灣人或在臺日人，無論是地方性政治活動，或是全臺性政治活動，決定彼此態度的關鍵在於「利益」，「利益」若受損，將引起群起反抗，共同受損則成為攜手合作，共同爭取利益的局面。

The perspective can be usually seen as Taiwanese fight against the Taiwan Governor General’s Office （臺灣總督府Taiwan Soudokufu） when coming to the Taiwan political history study during the Japanese Ruled Period. This study intends to deconstruct the dichotomic properties of Taiwanese and Taiwan Governor General’s Office, and adds the rule of resident Japanese in Taiwan. The coopetition of the three parties, Taiwanese, Taiwan Governor General’s Office, and resident Japanese in Taiwan, will be discussed through four political events, the Movement of against Abolishing Prefectures during the early 1920s, the Election Problem of Council Members under the changing local government system, the Petition of the Establishment of Taiwan Council, and the Taiwan Civil Inheritance Issue in the Council of the Taiwan Governor General’s Office.\nThe “Taiwan Size” in this study means the concept of Taiwan as a whole, and the “local”, on the contrary, means any subtle, organic unit in Taiwan. The “local” is the essential that constructs the “Taiwan size.” Since the Qing ruling, the hierarchical layers took shape in Taiwan society. The layers continued to exist in the Japanese Ruled Period. During the 1920s, Taiwanese Intellectuals who received modern education started their activities, and the society of resident Japanese in Taiwan entered the stable phase. All of them are the dominating for launching political activities from every hierarchical layer in Taiwan society. \nThe bias treatment of Taiwanese and of Japanese in Taiwan always existed in terms of several perspectives. Though the right of resident Japanese in Taiwan was restricted by Taiwan Governor General’s Office’s law（六三體制）, political status of Taiwanese was still inferior to local Japanese in Taiwan. Through layers of ruling bias, interweaving power structure and coopetition, the interaction of Taiwanese-Japanese of different social hierarchy was formed and interpreted. By the four political events mentioned previously, this study concludes that different political purposes are pursued by Taiwanese Governor General’s Office, Taiwanese, and the resident Japanese in Taiwan. The main purpose of the Taiwanese Governor General’s Office emphasizes a stable ruling status and a government-Constitutional domination. On the one hand, the Taiwanese Governor General’s Office tried to release itself from the control of the mother country Japan, and on the other hand, the Office had to answer pressure from people of the colonial Taiwan. Hence, based on a stable ruling political status, the Taiwanese Governor General’s Office appropriately release constrained political right to the colonial Taiwanese. On the contrary, the main purpose of Taiwanese people emphasize on elevating their political status and the equal treatment among Taiwanese and Japanese. For this purpose, Taiwanese and resident Japanese in Taiwan competed and cooperated with each other. The resident Japanese in Taiwan pursued the idea of “keeping the interest and their superiority.” Even if their interest was threatened and they had to cooperate with Taiwanese, the resident Japanese in Taiwan still hoped to keep the superior status to the Taiwanese. No matter the Taiwanese Governor General’s Office, Taiwanese, or the resident Japanese in Taiwan, the key for competition or cooperation in a provincial or national political activities was determined by the “interest.” If the interest of one party will be damaged, they will fight against each other. If the interest of two parties will be damaged, they will cooperate with each other and fight for their sharing interest.