Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/68562
題名: 重新審視泰國民主:論社會媒體對政治運動的影響
Rethinking Thai democracy: the impact of social media on political movements in time of political conflict
作者: 那培農
貢獻者: 陳敦源
那培農
關鍵詞: 泰國
民主
社會媒體
政治運動
Thailand
democracy
social media
political
movements
conflict
日期: 2013
上傳時間: 12-Aug-2014
摘要: Thailand has experienced political instability since 2005 until present.\nThe political conflict has divided people into two factions, the supporters and the\nopponents. First faction is the United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship (UDD).\nOn the other side, the political movements of the anti-government faction are led by the\nPeople’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD) and People’s Democratic Reform Committee\n(PDRC).\nSocial media such as Facebook, Line and YouTube have become the\nnew tools for communication which are used to create change in social movements and\npolitical movements around the world. The new tools have revolutionized the social\nmovements’paradigm and theory.\nThis research thus aimed to study social media by focusing on the\nrelationship between Facebook platform and Thai political movements. Both qualitative\nand quantitative methodologies were applied in this research as the tool to find an\nanswer of the main question. The total amount of 1,500 survey questionnaire samples\nwere distributed to respondents nationwide, and Pearson’s chi-squared test was applied\nto examine the relationship between social media (Facebook) and political movements.\nFinally, a result of the study showed that Thai people had different\ndemocratic ideologies, and that conflict of ideas had been accumulated and turned into\nthe bedrock of political turmoil in this era. Moreover, it was found that Facebook was\nan amplifier, connector, and accelerator for political movement. Having Facebook as\nthe new communication tool, Thai people in the society were encouraged to participate\npolitical movements rather than individual group or class movement presented in Thai\nhistory before. Social media such as Facebook linked cyber space and public space\ntogether through the new method of idea and information distribution and people\nmobilization. This motivated citizen to demonstrate on stress occupying government\nbuildings and department stores. Therefore, political reconciliation should be concerned\nwith democracy from the Thai society perspective rather than the Western one.
參考文獻: Abu-Shanab. 2013. "E-Participation Levels and Technologies." International Conference\non Information Technology.\nAelst, Jeroen Van Laer and Peter Van. 2009. "Cyber-Protest and Civil Society: the\nInternet and Action Repertoires in Social Movements." In Handbook on Internet\nCrime, by Yvonne Jewkes and Majid Yar, 230-254. Devon: Willan Publishing.\nAgence France Presse. 2013. Thai amnesty bill sparks anti-government protests.\nNovember 1. Accessed February 8, 2014. http://www.arabnews.com.\nAidemark, J. 2003. "A knowledge perspective on e-democracy." Electronic Goverment.\nRegensburg. 319-324.\nAinsworth, S., Hardy, C. and Harley, B. 2005. "Online Consultation: e-democracy and eresistance\nin the case of the development gateway." Management Communication\nQuarterly 120-145.\nAksarapaak, Samphaokaeo. 2013. The use of Facebook for polotocal purposes in Thai\npolitics: An analysis of the Yingluck government, 2011-2013. politics , Hague,\nNetherlands: Interntional Institute of Social Studies.\nAlam, Mayesha. 2011. "Weighing the Limitations Against the Added-Value of Social\nMedia as a Tool for Political Change." Democracy and Society 1-4.\nAlastair Carthew, Simon Winkelmann. 2012. THAILAND - ARCHIVE SECOND HALF\n2010. 11 26. Accessed 01 18, 2013. http://www.kas.de/medienasien/\nen/pages/11850/.\nAlmond, G. A. 1989. The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations.\nNewbury Park: Sage Publications .\nAlmondmG., & Verba,S. 1989. The civic culture reviited: An analytical study. California\n: Sage publications.\nAnn Macintosh, Edmund Robson, Ella Smith, Angus Whyte. 2003. "Electronic\nDemocracy and Young People." Social Science Computer Review 43-54.\nantithaksin.com. 2011. antithaksin.com. Accessed 11 2012, 20.\nhttp://www.antithaksin.com/SiteMap.php.\n170\nArghiros, D. 2001. Democracy, development and decentralization of provincial Thailand.\nRichmond: Curzon Press.\nArya, S.P. 1988. "Social Movement-A Conceptual View." Social Movements for\nDevelopment 17-27.\nAsian Network for Free Eections,. 2011. Thai Political Timeline. May 26. Accessed\nFebruary 3, 2014. http://anfrel.org.\nBaker, C. and Pasuk Pongpaichit. 2009. A history of Thailand. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn\nUniversity.\nBaker, Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris. 2008. "Thaksin’s Populism." Journal of\nContemporary Asia 62 – 83.\nBangkok Post. 2013. Mass rally to test PDRC support. December 21. Accessed\nDecember 25, 2013. www.bangkokpost.com.\n—. 2014. PDRC "street picnic" for election day. 02 01. Accessed 01 04, 2014.\nhttp://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-from-news/392659/pdrc-streetpicnic-\nfor-election-day.\n—. 2014. PDRC to end main rally site, seize 20 intersections . January 3. Accessed\nJanuary 5, 2014. www.bangkokpost.com.\n—. 2013. Protests: “Final battle” starts tomorrow. December 8. Accessed December 19,\n2013. www.bangkokpost.com.\n—. 2009. Red shirt revolution. 04 14. Accessed 04 18, 2012.\nhttp://www.bangkokpost.com/news.\n—. 2013. Senators shoot down blanket amnesty bill. NOvember 12. Accessed January 30,\n2014. www.bangkokpost.com.\n—. 2014. Suthep heads PDRC warm-up march. January 5. Accessed January 6, 2014.\nwww.bangkokpost.com.\n—. 2014. UDD beats `war drum` in bid to mobilise massive red-shirt army . February 23.\nAccessed February 23, 2014. www.bangkokpost.com.\n—. 2014. Unofficial list of PDRC funders leaked . February 12. Accessed February 12,\n2014. www.bangkokpost.com.\n171\nBarber, B. 1984. Strong democracy, participatory politics for a new age. Los Angeles:\nUniversity of California Press.\nBarometer, Asia Media. 2010. A locally based analysis of media landscape in Asia:\nThailand 2010. Media, Bangkok: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Thailand.\nBaumgartner, J C. and J. S. Morris. 2010. "MyFaceTube politics social networking\nWebsites and political engagement of young adults." Social Science Computer\nReview 24-44.\nBBC, The. 2012. Profile: Thailand`s reds and yellows. 07 13. Accessed 08 20, 2012.\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13294268.\nBecker, B. and J. Wehner. 2001. Electronic Networks and Civil Society: Reflections on\nStructural Changes in the Public Sphere`, in C. Ess and F. Sudweeks (eds)\nCulture, Technology, Communication:Towards an Intercultural Global Village.\nAlbany, NY: State University of New York Press.\nBello, Walden. 2010. "The Battle for Thailand ." Foreign Policy in Focus (FPIF). 05 25.\nAccessed 01 10, 2012. http://fpif.org/the_battle_for_thailand/.\nBeramendi, V., A. Ellis, et a., Eds. 2008. Direct democracy . Stockholm: The\nInternationa IDEA.\nBerman, Evan M. 2010. Public Administration in East Asia: Mainland China, Japan,\nSouth Korea, Taiwan. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press.\nBimber, B. 2000. "The study of information technology and civic engagement." Political\nCommunication 329-333.\nBlumer, Herbert G. 1969. "Collective Behavior." In Principles of Sociology, by ed.,\nAlfred McClung Lee, 65-121. New York: Barnes and Noble Books.\nBlumler, S. C. 2009. The internet and democratic citizenship: Theory, practice and\npolicy. Cambrdige: Cambridge University.\nBouckaert, Peter. 2011. Descent into Chaos:Thailand’s 2010 Red Shirt Protests and the\nGovernment Crackdown. Political movements, New York: Human Rights Watch.\nBox, Richard C. 2007. "The improtance of democracy for public administration." In\nDemocracy and public administration, by Richard C. Box ed all., vii-xii. Armonk,\nNew York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.\n172\nBrown, A., Hewison, K. 2005. "Economics is the deciding factor": Labour politics in\nThaksin`s Thailand,." Pacific Affairs: an international review of Asia and the\nPacific 353 - 375.\nBureekul, Thawilwadee. 2002. Citizen Participation in Politics: The Senate Election\n2000 Case. Nonthaburi: King Prajadhipok`s Institute.\nBurma News. 2013. STATEMENT : THAILAND People’s Democratic Reform Committee\n(PDRC) . December 12. Accessed December 15, 2013.\nwww.democracyforburma.wordpress.com.\nCalhoun, C. 1993. "New social movements of the early nineteenth century." Social\nScinece History 385-427.\nCarafano, James. 2011. Successful revolution takes more than social media. 02 21.\nAccessed 03 21, 2012. http://washingtonexaminer.com/successful-revolutiontakes-\nmore-than-social-media/article/39163.\nCarlota Lorenzo-Romero, María-del-Carmen Alarcón-del-Amo, Efthymios\nConstantinides. 2012. "Segmentation of users of social networking websites."\nSocial behavior and personality 401-414.\nCarty, Victoria. 2011. Wired and Mobilizing: Social Movements, New Technology, and\nElectoral Politics. New York: Routledge.\nChadwick, A. 2006. Internet politics: Sates, citizens, and new communication\ntechnologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nChadwick, A., & May, C. 2003. "Interaction between states and citizens in the age of the\ninternet: "e-government" in the United States, Britain, and tge European Union."\nGovernance 271-300.\nChainam, Asda. 2004. "Thaksiplomacy." In Seeing through Thaksin, by Chermsak\nPinthong, 211-257. Bangkok: Khokhit Duaykan.\nChaisukkoso, Chanchai. 2012. A New Social Contract: The Way out for Thailand’s\nPolitical Transformation Crisis. Social Democracy, Bangkok: Friedrich-Ebert-\nStiftung Thailand .\nChandarasomboon, Amorn. 1994. Constitutionalism: The solution for Thailand.\nBangkok: The public policy institute.\n173\nCharoen, Danuvasin. 2012. "The Analysis of the Computer Crime Act in Thailand."\nInternational Journal of Information and Communication Technology Research\n519-526.\nCharoensinolan, Chairat. 2002. New social movement. Bangkok: Vipasa Press.\nCharteris, Ché. 2002. "Democratic discourses in Indonesia, Thailand, and Philippines."\nNew Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 148-176.\nCharteris, Ché. 2002. "Democratic discourses in Indonesia, Thailand, and The\nPhilippines." New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 148-176.\nChongkittavorn, Kavi. 2012. "Redefining Thai national security threats." The Nation.\nFeburuary 20. Accessed Feburuary 20, 2012. http://www.nationmultimedia.com.\nChristensen, Christian. 2011. "Discourses of Technology and Liberation: State Aid to Net\nActivists in an Era of ‘Twitter Revolutions`." Communication Review 233-253.\nChristiansen, J. 2009. "Four stages of social movements." Research Starters Sociology.\nAccessed November 15, 2011. http://www.ebscohost.com.\nClift, Steven. 2002. E-democracy: the promise of the future is a reality today. 05 01.\nAccessed 04 20, 2012. http://stevenclift.com/?p=98.\nClive, C. 2012. "Towards understanding eParticipation in the public sphere." Review of\nBusiness Research (International Academy of Business and Economics) 140-146.\nCohen, S. 1985. Visions of social control: Crime, punishment, and classification.\nCambridge: Polity Press.\nColeman, Blumer J. G and S. 2001. Realising democracy online: A civic commons in\ncyberspace. London: Institute for Public Policy Research.\nColeman, J. 1988. "Social capital in the creation of human capital." American Journal of\nSociology 95-120.\nColeman, J.C. 1960. Personality Dynamics and Effective Behaviour. Chicago: Scott,\nForesman and Co.\nColeman, S. and J. G. Blumler, Eds. 2009. The internet and democratic citizenship:\nTheory, practice and policy . Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n174\nColeman, S. 2003. Democracy in an e-Connected world: Risks and Opportunities.\nMontreal: McGill-Queen`s University Press.\nColeman, S., & Wright, S. 2008. "Political blogs and representative democracy."\nInformation Polity 1-6.\nConners, M. 2003. "The reforming state: development culture and democracy in\nThailand." In Radicalising Thailand, by Ji Ungphakorn, 319-343. Bangkok:\nChulalongkorn University Press.\nConners, M. 2002. "Framing the People`s Constitution." In Reforming Thai politics, by D.\nMcCargo, 37-55. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.\nhttp://arrow.latrobe.edu.au.\nConnors, M and Hewison K. 2008. "Introduction: Thailand and Good Coup." Journal of\nContemporary Asia 1-10.\nConnors, M. 2008. "Article of Faith: the Failure of Royal Liberalism in Thailand."\nJournal of Contemporary Asia 143-165.\nConnors, M. 2008. "Four Elections and a Coup." Australian Journal of International\nAffairs 478-496.\nConnors, M. 2011. "Thailand`s Emergency State: Transformation and Struggle ."\nSoutheast Asian Affairs 287-305.\nConnors, M. 2009. "Liberalism, authoritarianism and the politics of decisionism in\nThailand." The Pacific Review 355-373.\nConnors, M. 2006. "Thaksin`s Thailand: to have and to hold." In Thailand` s Economic\nRecovery, by Cavan Hogue, 26-45. Canberra: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.\nCraig, J. Blakeley and Jeffrey, H. Matsuura. 2001. E-government: is E-democracy\ninvitable? Berlin,Germany, 10 17-19.\nDahlberg, Lincoln. 2007. "Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic: from\nconsensus to contestation." New Media & Society 827-847.\nDahlgren, P. 2009. Media and Politcal engafement: Citizens, Communication, and\nDemocracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.\nDanah, M. Boyd and Nicole, B. Ellison. 2008. "Social Network Sites: Definition,\nHistory, and Scholarship." Computer-Mediated Communication 210-230.\n175\nDaungdau Youngsamart and Gregory Fisher. 2006. "Governance and administration in a\n‘new’ democracy: The case of formal control of the free-to-air television in\nThailand (1997-2006)." Journal of Administration & Governance 36-46.\nDavid Schlosberg, Stephen Zavestoski, Stuart W. Shulman. 2007. "Democracy and ERulemaking:\nWeb-Based Technologies, Participation, and the Potential for\nDeliberation." Journal of Information Technology & Politics 37-55.\nDe la Porta, D & Diani, M. 2006. Social Movements: An introduction. Malden: Blackwell\nPublising .\nDiamond, Larry Jay. 1996. "Is the Third Wave Over?" Journal of Democracy 20-37.\nEamoraphan, Choopong. n.d. "Red Crisis- May 19: One month on." Bangkokpost.\nAccessed February 10, 2014. http://www.bangkokpost.com.\nEfthimios Tambouris, Stelios Gorilas. 2003. "Evaluation of an e-democracy Platform for\nEuropean Cities." Lecture Notes in Computer Science 43-48.\nEllison, danah m. boyd and Nicole B. 2007. "Social netork sites: Definition, history, and\nscholarship." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 210-230.\nFinn, K. & Detlor, B. 2002. "Youth and electronic government: Towards a model of civic\nparticipation." Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce 191-209.\nFrance-Presse, Agence. 2013. Crisis-hit Thai politics in new cycle of tumult. 11 23.\nAccessed 11 28, 2013.\nhttp://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131123/crisis-hit-thai-politics-newcycle-\ntumult.\nFranser, M. & Dutta, S. 2009. "Five ways Web 2.0 is changing the face of American\npolitics." Infonomics 47-56.\nFREY, Alois Stutzer and BRUNO S. 2006. "Political participation and procedural utility:\nAn empirical study." European Journal of Political Research 391-418.\nFuller, T. 2013. In Thailand, Standing Up for Less Democracy. December 16. Accessed\nDecember 16, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com.\n—. 2006. News Analysis: Democracy, Thai style - Ban the politicians . 10 6. Accessed\nOctober 20, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com.\n176\nG. Rodan, K. Hewison, & R. Robison. 2006. The Political Economy of South-East Asia.\nMarkets, Power and Contestation. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.\nGaltung, J. 1999. State, capital and the civil society: A problem of communication. New\nJersey: Hampson Press Inc.\nGeerapatr, Nipa. 2006. "Discourse on poverty in Thai politics: A case of PM Thaksin`s\ntalk." NIDA language and communication Journal 1-32.\nGilberto Corso Pereira, Maria Célia Furtado Rocha. 2012. "e-Participation: Social Media\nand the Public Space ." International Conference on Computational Science and\nIts Applications. Heidelberg: International Conference on Computational Science\nand Its Applications. 491-501.\nGirling, John. 2002. "Conclusion: Economics, Politics, and Civil Society ." In Reforming\nThai Politics, by Duncan McCargo, 261-266. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of\nAsian Studies.\nGladwell, Malcolm. 2010. Small Change:Why the revolution will not be tweeted. 10 04.\nAccessed 09 14, 2012. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/smallchange-\n3?currentPage=all.\nGueorguieva, V. 2008. "Voters, Myspce and YouTube: The impact on alternative\ncommunication channels on the 2006 election cycle and beyond ." Social Science\nReview 288-300.\nHabermas, Jürgen. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry\ninto a category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\nHerring, Aldon Morris and Cedric. 1984. "Theory and research in social movements: a\ncritical review." Political Behavior Annual.\nHewison, K. 2008. "A book, the King and the 2006 coup." Journal of Contemporary Asia\n190–211.\nHewison, K. and Kanishka Jayasuriya. 2004. "The Anti-Politics of Good Governance:\nFrom Global Social Policy to a Global Populism." Critical Asian Studies 571-590.\nHewison, K. 2007. "Constitutions, regimes and power in Thailand, Democratization."\nDemocratization 928 - 945.\nHewison, K. 2005. "Neo-liberalism and domestic capital: The political outcomes of the\neconomic crisis in Thailand." The Journal of Development Studies 310 - 330.\n177\nHewison, K. 2000. "Resisting globalization: a study of localism in Thailand." The Pacific\nReview 279-296.\nHewson, K. 2004. "Crafting Thailand`s new social contract." The Pacific Review 503-\n522.\nHopkins, Mark `Rizzn`. 2008. Just What is Social Media, Exactly? 11 19. Accessed 04 20,\n2012. http://mashable.com/author/mark-hopkins/.\nHuntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth\nCentury. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.\nHyland, James L. 1995. Democratic theory: The philosophical foundations. Oxford\nRoad, Manchester : Manchester University Press.\n—. 1995. Democratic theory: The philosophical foundations. New York, NY:\nManchester University Press.\nIntarakumnerd, Patarapong. 2011. "Thaksin`s legacy: Thaksinomics and its impact on\nThailand`s national innovation system and industrial upgrading." INternational\nJournal of INstitutions and Economics 31-60.\nInternationaltimes. 2012. LESE-MAJESTY. 03 01. Accessed 03 10, 2012.\nhttp://internationaltimes.it/lese-majesty/.\nJ. Woody Stanley, Christopher Weare. 2004. "The Effects of Internet Use on Political\nParticipation Evidence From an Agency Online Discussion Forum."\nAdministration & Society 503-527.\nJ., Caldow. 2004. e-Democracy: Putting down global roots. E-democracy, Institute for\nElectronic Government, IBM.\nJankowski, N. W., & Van Selm, M. 2007. "Media Technologies andDemocracy in an\nEnlarged Europe. The Intellectual Work of the 2007 European Media and\nCommunication Doctoral Summer School." www.tyk.ee. Accessed 08 15, 2013.\nhttp://www.researchingcommunication.eu/reco_book3.pdf .\nJens Hoff, Ivan Horrocks, Pieter Tops. 2000. Democratic Governance and New\nTechnology. London: Routledge.\nJensen, Christian Stampe. 2011. Thailand’s Political Conflict – A Jasmine Revolution? .\n04 11. Accessed 03 20, 2012.\n178\nhttp://infocus.asiaportal.info/2011/04/11/thailand%E2%80%99s-political-conflict-\n%E2%80%93-a-jasmine-revolution-by-christian-stampe-jensen/.\nJim Glassman, Bae-Gyoon Park, Young-Jin Choi. 2008. "Failed internationalism and\nsocial movement decline: The cases of South Korea and Thailand." Critical Asian\nStudies 339-372.\nJirapan, Boonnoon. 2010. Facebook, Twitter phenomenon: Social media role continues to\ngrow. April 2. Accessed September 20, 2012. http://www.nationmultimedia.com.\nKahn, R. and Kellner, D. 2004. "New Media and Internet Activism: From the ‘Battle of\nSeattle’ to Blogging." New Media & Society 87-95.\nKenich Ikeda, Yasuo Yamada, Masaru Kohno. 2003. Influence of Social Capital on\nPolitical Participation in Asian Cultural Context. A Comparative Survey of\nDemocracy, Governance and Development, Taipei: Asian Barometer Project .\nKenneth L. Hacker, Jan van Dijk. 2000. Digital democracy: Issues of theory and\npractice. London: SAGE Publication Inc.\nKershaw, R. 2001. Monarchy in South-east Asia: The face of tradition in transition.\nLondon: Routledge.\nKlein, James R. 1998. The constituation of the kingdom of Thailand 1997: A blueprint of\nparitcipatory democracy. Democracy, Bangkok: The Asia Foundation in\nThailand.\n—. 1998. "The constitution of the kingdom of Thailand,1997: A blueprint for parcipatory\ndemocracy." The Asia Foundation. March. Accessed June 20, 2011.\nhttp://asiafoundation.org.\nKlotz, Robert J. 2004. The Politics of Internet Communication. Lanham: Rowman &\nLittlefield Publishers.\nL., Clift S. 2004. E-Government and democracy: Representation and citizen engagement\nin the information- age. E-Governmenr and Democracy, World Public Sector.\nLaothammatas, Anek. 1992. Business associations and the new political economy of\nThailand: from bureaucratic polity to liberal corporatism. Boulder: Westview\npress.\n—. 1997. Democratization in Southeast and East Asia. Singapore: St. Martin`s Press.\n179\nLaRosa, Benedict D. 2005. Democracy or Republic,Which is It? 05. Accessed 09 10,\n2013. http://www.primum-mobile.net/009/his1.html.\nLertchoosakul, Kanokrat. 2012. The Rise of the Octobrists:Power and Conflict among\nFormer Left Wing Student Activists inContemporary Thai Politics. London, UK:\nLondon School of Economics and Political Science.\nLeuschner, Katherine Elizabeth. 2012. "The Use of the Internet and Social Media in U.S.\nPresidential Campaigns: 1992-2012." www.academia.edu. 05. Accessed 08 03,\n2013.\nhttps://www.academia.edu/1510408/The_Use_of_the_Internet_and_Social_Media\n_in_U.S._Presidential_Campaigns_1992-2012.\n—. 2012. The use of the internet and social media in U.S. presidential campaigns:1992-\n2012. Harrisonburg: James Madison University.\nMacintosh, A. 2004. "Characterizing e-participation in policy-making." System Sciences.\nHawaii: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . 1-0.\nMauss, Armand L. 1975. Social Problems of Social Movements. Philadelphia: Lippincott.\nMayfield, Antony. 2008. icrossing.co.uk. Accessed Auguest 8, 2012.\nhttp://www.icrossing.co.uk.\nMayfield, Ross. 2008. "2009 Predictions: Collaboration and Social Networking." Ross\nMayfield`s web blog: Markets, Technology, Musings. December 13. Accessed\nMarch 12, 2012. http://ross.typepad.com.\nMcCargo, D. 2004. "Buddhism, democracy and identity in Thailand." Democratization\n155-170.\nMcCargo, D. 2002. "Democracy under Stress in Thaksin`s Thailand." Journal of\nDemocracy 112-126.\nMcCargo, D. 2005. "Network monarchy and legitimacy crises in Thailand." Pacific\nReview 499-519.\n—. 2002. Reforming Thai Politics. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.\nMcCargo, D. 2009. "Thai politics as reality TV." ournal of Asian Studies 7-19.\nMcCargo, D. 2011. "Toxic Thaksin? Thailand`s troublesome ex-premier." Representation\n295-306.\n180\nMedLibrary.org. n.d. Sale of Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings. Accessed Januuary\n20, 2014. http://medlibrary.org.\nMendel, Sinfah Tunsarawuth and Toby. 2010. Centre for Law and Democracy. May.\nAccessed December 6, 2012. http://www.law-democracy.org.\nMierina, Inta. 2011. Political participation and development of political attitudes in postcommunist\ncountries. Riga.\nMilakovich, Michael E. 2010. "The Internet and Increased Citizen Participation in\nGovernment." Journal of eDemocracy & Open Government 1-9.\nNaruemon Thabchumpon, Duncan Mccargo. 2011. "Urbanized Villagers in the 2010 Thai\nRedshirt Protests Not Just Poor Farmers?" Asian Survey 993-1018.\nNelson, Michael H. 2006. "Bangkok’s Elitist Coup." Far Eastern Economic Review 27-\n30.\nNelson, Michael H. 2007. "Institutional Incentives and Informal Local Political Groups\n(Phuak) in Thailand: Comments on Allen Hicken and Paul Chambers." Journal of\nEast Asian Studies 125-147.\nNelson, Michael H. 2007. "Thaksin Overthrown: Thailand’s “Well-Intentioned”Coup of\nSeptember 19, 2006." eastasia.at 1-16.\nNetchaeva, Irina. 2002. "E-Government and E-Democracy A Comparison of\nOpportunities in the North and South." International Communication Gazette\n467-477.\nOberschall, A. 1997. Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities. New\nBrunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.\nOckey, J. 2005. "Monarch, Monarchy, Succession and Stability in Thailand." Pacific\nViewpoint 115-127.\nOckey, J. 2010. "Red democracy, yellow democracy: political conflict in Thailand." New\nZealand International Review 8-12.\nOckey, J. 2008. "Thailand in 2007: The Struggle to Control Democracy." Asian Survey\n20-28.\nOckey, J. 2009. "Thailand in 2008: Democracy and Street Politics." In Southeast Asian\nAffairs 2009, by D. Singh, 315-333. Singapore: ISEAS.\n181\nOckey, J. 2001. "Thailand: The Struggle to Redefine Civil-Military Relations." In\nCoercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia,\nby Muthiah Alagappa, 187-208. Stanford: Stanford University Press.\nOK Nation Blog. 2013. Who is who in PDRC . December 11. Accessed January 27, 2014.\nhttp://www.oknation.net/blog/redribbons07.\nOli Lacigova, Anna Maizite, Benjamin Cave. 2012. "eParticipation and Social Media: a\nSymbiotic Relationship?" European Journal of ePractice 71-76.\nOommen, T. K. 1998. "Citizenship, Nationality, and Ethnicity." American Journal of\nSociology 1414-1417.\nØystein Sæbøa, Corresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding\nauthor, Jeremy Roseb, Jeremy Rose, Leif Skiftenes Flak. 2008. "The shape of\neParticipation: Characterizing an emerging research area." Government\nInformation Quarterly 400-428.\nPAD. 2006. Thai Political Facts Info: PAD`s facts information, anti-Thaksin Shinawatra.\nAccessed February 7, 2014. http://antithaksin.wordpress.com.\nPaireepairit, Isriya. 2012. Free Space of Expression: New Media and Thailand’s Politics.\nThailand’s media, Berlin, Germany: fesmedia Asia.\nPalczewski, C. H. 2001. Cyber-movements, New Social Movements, and Counterpublics.’\nIn Counterpublics and the State, eds. R. Asen and D. C. Brouwer. Albany: State\nUniversity of New York Press.\nPapacharissi, Zizi. 2004. "Democracy online: civility, politeness, and the democratic\npotential of online political discussion groups." New Media & Society 259-283.\nPasuk Phongpaichit and Baker, C. 2004. Thaksin: The Business of Politics in Thailand.\nChiangmai: Silkworm Books.\n—. 2002. The only good populist is a rich populist:Thaksin Shinawatra and Thailand’s\ndemocracy. Hong Kong: Southeast Asia Research Centre, City University of\nHong Kong.\nPathamanand, Ukrist. 2008. "A different coup d’etat?" Journal of Contemporary aSIA\n124-142.\nPeople Daily,. 2006. Second mass anti-Thaksin rally ends peacefully. February 12.\nAccessed January 12, 2014. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn.\n182\nPhongpaichit, Pasuk. 2002. "Social Movements in Thailand." Thai Studies. Nakhon\nPhanom: Thai Studies.\n—. 2002. Withi chiwit witi su. Chiangmai: Silkworm Books,.\nPoe, Marshall T. 2011. A History of Communications: Media and Society from the\nEvolution of Speech to the Internet. New York : Cambridge University Press.\nPrasittipon, Kanonsi. 2002. "[7 Years of the Assembly of the Poor: Time for an\nalternative for Thai society." http://www.thaingo.org/thaingo. Accessed 08 14,\n2012. http://thaingo.org/story3/news parkmoon 171245.html.\n2012. Profile: Thailand`s reds and yellows. 07 13. Accessed 08 25, 2012.\nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13294268.\nPutnam, R. D. 1976. The comparative study of political elites. Englewood Cliffs, N.J:\nPrentice-Hall.\nPutnam, R. D. 1993. "The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life." The\nAmerican Prospect 35-42.\nRao, M. S. A. 1979. Social movements and social transformation: a study of two\nbackward classes movements in India. Delhi: Macmillan Company.\nRaya, Al-Dalou and Emad, Abu-Shanab. 2013. "E-participation and technologies."\nInternational Conference on Information Technology. Al-Zaytoonah University of\nJordan.\nRebecca Weitz-Shapiro, Matthew S.Winters. 2008. Political participation and quality of\nlife. participation, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank .\nRebecca, Weitz-Shapiro and Matthew, S. Winters. 2008. Political Participation and\nQuality of Life. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank .\nRedshirts. 2014. Who are We? Accessed January 30, 2014. http://thairedshirts.org/.\nRiggs, Fred W. 1966. Thailand: The Modernization of Bureaucratic Polity. Honolulu:\nEast-West Center Press.\nRobert Albritton, Thawilwadee Bureekul and Gang Guo. 2003. Impacts of Rural-Urban\nCleavages and Cultural Orientations on Attitudes toward Elements of\nDemocracy: A Cross-National, Within-Nation Analysis. A Comparative Survey of\nDemocracy, Governance and Development, Taipei: Asian Barometer.\n183\nRobert B. Albritton, Thawilwadee Bureekul. 2004. Developing Electoral Democracy in a\nDeveloping Nations: Thailand. A Comparative Survey of Democracy,\nGovernance and Development, Taipei: Asian Barometer Project .\n—. 2003. Measuring democratization in Thailand after political reform. Bangkok: King\nPrajadhipok`s Institute.\nRobert B. Albritton, Thawilwadee Bureekul. 2002. Support for Democracy in Thailand.\nA Comparative Survey of Democracy, Governance and Development, Taipei:\nAsian Barometer.\nRT.com. 2014. Anti-government protesters campaign to mobilize support for Bangkok\nshutdown. January 8. Accessed January 10, 2014. www.rt.com.\nRussell, Jon. 2010. Politics Drives Facebook Membership In Thailand Past 3 Million\nMark. 05 21. Accessed 04 30, 2012. http://asiancorrespondent.com.\nSabrina Scherer, Christian Schneider, Maria A. Wimmer. 2008. "Studying eParticipation\nin Government Innovation Programmes: Lessons from a Survey ."\neCollaboration: Overcoming Boundaries through Multi-Channel Interaction.\nBled: 21th Bled eConference. 483-497.\nSafranek, Rita. 2012. The Emerging Role of Social Media in Political and Regime\nChange. 03. Accessed 07 24, 2013.\nhttp://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/social_media/review3.php.\nSamudavanijia, Chai-Anan. 1987. "Thailand: a stable semi-democracy." World Affairs\n31-41.\nSawatree Suksri, Siriphon Kusonsinwut, Orapin Yingyongpathana. 2010. FACT Freedom\nAgainst Censorship Thailand. December 8. Accessed November 16, 2011.\nhttps://facthai.wordpress.com.\nSchaffar, Oliver Pyea & Wolfram. 2008. "The 2006 anti-Thaksin movement in Thailand:\nAn analysis." Journal of Contemporary Asia 38-61.\nScott, A. 1990. Ideology and the new social movements. London: Routledge.\nScott, David Meerman. 2008. Asking the Right Questions About Social Media. 11 08.\nAccessed 03 20, 2012. http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/Column/After-\nThought/Asking-the-Right-Questions-About-Social-Media.\n184\nSecurity, Council for National. 2007. An unofficial translation of the Computer Crime\nAct. 07 24. Accessed 08 14, 2013. http://www.prachatai.com/english/node/117.\nSelznick, Leonard Broom and Philip. 1958. Sociology; a text with adapted readings. NY:\nRow, Peterson.\nSen, Amartya. 2001. "Democracy as a Unversal Value." In The Global Divergence of\nDemocrcies, by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, 3-17. Baltimore: The Johns\nHopkins University Press.\nShinichi, Shigetomi. 2010. "Political Turmoil in Thailand: The Historical Position."\nInsitute of Developing Economics Japan External Trade Organization. 08.\nAccessed 08 15, 2012.\nhttp://www.ide.go.jp/English/Research/Region/Asia/20100524.html.\nSiala, Amin. 2012. "The Evolution of Social Networking EPQ." academia.edu. Accessed\n04 25, 2013.\nfile:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/The_Evolution_of_Social_Networking_EPQ_b\ny_Amin_Siala-libre.pdf.\nSilva, Suwadi. 2012. "Thailand worried over social media use ." masress.com. December\n4. Accessed December 17, 2012. http://www.masress.com.\nSmall, Tamara A. 2008. "The Facebook effect? Online campaigning in the 2008\nCannadian and US elections." Policy Options 85-87.\nSotirios Koussouris, Yannis Charalabidis, Dimitrios Askounis. 2007. "A review of the\nEuropean Union eParticipation action pilot projects." Transforming Government:\nPeople, Process and Policy 8-19.\nSousa, Suzana P. 2009. Social Media and its Influence on Politics. 05 15. Accessed 07\n20, 2012. http://library.wcsu.edu/dspace/bitstream/0/476/1/SousaThesis2009.pdf.\nSteve Jones, Ray Hackney, Zahir Irani. 2007. "Towards e-government transformation:\nconceptualising “citizen engagement”: A research note." Transforming\nGovernment: People, Process and Policy 145-152.\nSuree, Funilkul and Wichian, Chutimaskul. 2009. "The framework for sustainable\neDemocracy development." Transforming Government: People, Process and\nPolicy 16-31.\n185\nSuwannathat-Phian, Kobkua. 2003. Kings, Country and Constitutions: Thailand`s\nPolitical Development 1932-2000. London: Routledge.\nTangpianpant, Patana Ginger. 2010. Wesleyan University . 04. Accessed 04 12, 2012.\nhttp://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1527&context=etd_h\non_theses.\nTarrow, S. 1994. Power in Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements and Politics.\nCambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nTejapira, Kasian. 2006. Toppling Thaksin. May-June. Accessed July 15, 2012.\nhttp://newleftreview.org.\nTerranova, Tiziana. 2004. Network Culture: Politics for the Information Age. London:\nPluto Press.\nThai PBS. 2013. EC’s registration venue retaken by NSPRT. December 25. Accessed\nDecember 28, 2013. http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th.\n—. 2014. Red shirts harass PDRC protesters in Chiang Mai. January 5. Accessed\nJanuary 12, 2014. http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th.\nThairath News. 2014. Thairath Online. February 12. Accessed February 12, 2014.\nhttp://www.thairath.co.th.\nThairedshirt. 2011. Thairedshirt. Accessed 10 17, 2012. http://thairedshirts.org.\nThe Asia Foundation. 2014. A survey of anti-government PDRC demonstrators in\nBangkok . Social movements, Bangkok: The Asia Foundation.\nThe Asia Foundation. 2013. Profile of the Protestors: A Survey of Pro and Anti-\nGovernment Demonstrators in Bangkok on November 30, 2013. Social\nmovements, Bangkok: The Asia Foundation.\nThe Asia Foundation. 2011. The 2010 National survey of the Thai electorate . Thai\nelectorate, Bangkok, Thailand: The Asia Foundation.\nThe Jakarta Post. 2014. Thailand`s cyber war. January 27. Accessed January 28, 2014.\nwww.thejakartapost.com.\n—. 2014. Thailand`s cyber war. 01 27. Accessed 01 30, 2014.\nhttp://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/01/27/thailands-cyber-war.html.\n186\nThe Nation. 2010. Monarch gets briefing. 03 09. Accessed 04 10, 2012.\nhttp://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/09/politics/Govt-to-impose-\nISA-as-PM-cancels-trip-to-Australia-30124223.html.\n—. 2008. "PAD cease all anti-government protests." The Nataion Headlines. November\n4. Accessed September 25, 2012. http://www.nationmultimedia.com.\n—. 2014. Red shirts confront PDRC protesters at Chaeng Wattana rally site. January 17.\nAccessed January 20, 2014. www.nationmultimedia.com.\n—. 2010. Red shirts to govt: `Don`t mess with us`. 03 12. Accessed 10 21, 2012.\nhttp://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/12/politics/Red-shirts-to-govt-\nDont-mess-with-us-30124506.html.\nTheguardian. 2013. Protests as Thailand senators debate amnesty bill. November 11.\nAccessed December 10, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com.\nTilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Indianapolis : Addison-Wesley.\n—. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Massachusetts, MA: Addison-Wesley.\n—. 2004. Social Movements, 1768-2004 . Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm Publishers.\nTurnšek, Maja and Nicholas W. Jankowski. 2008. "Social Media and Politics:Theoretical\nand Methodological Considerations in Designing a Study of Political\nEngagement." new political communication unit. 04. Accessed 08 25, 2012.\nhttp://newpolcom.rhul.ac.uk/politics-web-20-paper-download.\nUkrist Pathamanand, McCargo D. 2005. The Thaksinization of Thailand. Copenhagen:\nNIAS Press.\nUNDP. 2012. E-Government Survey 2012 E-Government for the People. E-Government,\nNew York: United Nations.\nUngpakorn, Giles Ji. 2007. A Coup For the Rich Thailand’s political Crisis. Bangkok:\nWorkers Democracy Publishing.\n—. 2010. Thailand’s Crisis and the Fight for Democracy. WDPress.\nWalker, A. 2008. "The rural constitution and the everyday politics of election in Northern\nThailand." Journal of Contemporary Asia 84-105.\n187\nWallace, Anthony F.C. 1956. "Revitalization Movements." American Anthropologist\n264–281.\nWallsten, Scott J. 2005. "Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries."\nEconomic Development and Cultural Change 501-523.\nWikipedia. 2014. 2013–14 Thai political crisis. February 13. Accessed February 14,\n2014. http://en.wikipedia.org.\nwikipedia. 2014. People`s Alliance for Democracy. January 29. Accessed February 2,\n2014. http://en.wikipedia.org.\nWikipedia. 2014. United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship. January 24.\nAccessed January 30, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org.\nWimmer, Maria A. 2007. "Ontology for an e-participation virtual resource centre."\nInternational conference on Theory and practice of electronic governance.\nMacao: ICEGOV . 89-98.\nWinichakul, Thongchai. 2008. "Toppling Democracy." Journal of Contemporary Asia\n11-37.\nWong, Cynthia. 2011. Center for Democracy & Technology . February 8. Accessed\nDecember 5, 2012. https://www.cdt.org/.\nWyatt, David K. 1984. Thailand: A Short History. Chiangmai: Silkworm Books.\nWyngarden, Katharine E. Van. 2012. New participation, new perspectives? Young adult`s\npolitical engagment using Facebook. Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State\nUniversity .\nZoë Masters, Ann Macintosh, Ella Smith. 2004. "Young People and e-Democracy:\nCreating a Culture of Participation." Electronic Government 15-22.
描述: 博士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS)
100265508
102
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1002655081
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

Files in This Item:
File SizeFormat
508101.pdf3.61 MBAdobe PDF2View/Open
Show full item record

Google ScholarTM

Check


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.