政治社會化與台灣地區的政治民主化

Abstract

本研究以問卷方式,抽樣調查了兩千五百多位在台灣地區就讀高中、高職、和公私立國中的學生,希望能瞭解他們的族群意識、國家認同、以及他們對於民主政治理念以及國內政治現況的認知。從研究結果得知,台灣中學生在國家認同方面,認同自己是台灣人也是中國人,這種雙重認同的比例高於單一認同。他們的國家認同對於統獨立場傾向有相當明顯的影響。另外,省籍意識對不少中學生在未來擇偶、交友、參加社團、租屋、方面都產生或多或少的影響,這個現象代表族群融合出現隱憂。 絕大多數的受訪中學生都沒有與大陸人民直接交往的經驗,但是他們對於大陸人民的印象負面多過於正面,這顯示出他們可能把從大眾媒體對於大陸政府的負面報導信息,轉化成對大陸人民的負面印象,而形成對大陸人民的排拒感。這樣的發展相當不利於未來兩岸的良性互動。 中學生對於民主政治的許多理念,例如,政治容忍、政治平等、法治觀念、多數決、民主價值和政黨競爭方面比較傾向贊同。對於政治信任、政治功效、政黨輪替執政、和公民責任方面只有中度的評價。比較不同意多元價值和容忍共產黨。另外從因果結構分析發現,政治知識較豐富的中學生,他們的民主素養也較高。但是,威權政治的軌跡並未完全消失,年輕的一代雖然贊同政黨競爭,卻對政黨輪替執政心存疑慮。親子溝通和同儕溝通有助於提昇中學生的民主素養,但是師生政治溝通卻有強化威權政治情結的跡象。經常看電視新聞可以降低中學生的威權政治情結,但是看電視時間愈長的中學生卻顯露較高程度的威權政治情結,經常讀報的中學生政治知識較豐富。

A questionnaire survey of 2531 students of secondary schools on Taiwan was conducted with a view to investigating their nationality identity, their beliefs about the abstract concepts of nation, government, democracy; and their attitudes toward democratic political systems, domestic political operations and key issues on public affairs. Results from the analyses indicated that more students had a dual identity than a single identity, that is, more students identified themselves as both a Taiwanese and a Chinese at the same time. Nevertheless, they seemed to hold negative rather than positive impressions about the people of the Mainland China; and showed greater psychological distance from Chinese people than from people of Hong Kong, Japan, and The United States. In general, the interviewed students demonstrated a favorable attitude toward various mechanisms of democratic political system, such as equalitarian, majority votes, partisan competition, tolerance of diverse political opinions and so forth. However, they held a median level of trust toward government officials and a relatively low political efficacy and a moderate level of concerns for civic obligations. Meanwhile, they showed a relatively low tolerance of communists. Frequent communication with parents and peers with regard to political issues and public affairs led to a higher level of democratic orientations; on the other hand, frequent communication with school teachers on the same topics seemed to reinforce an authoritarian political thinking mind. Viewing television news was found more powerful than other types of mass media in enhancing the learning of democratic values among the interviewed students; however, watching long hours of television was found to increase an authoritarian political thinking mind.