Gender makes the difference: The moderating role of leader gender on the relationship between leadership styles and subordinate performance.

Abstract

在人類的思想中，「時間」是最具挑戰性也最難以捉摸的概念之一，但卻總是科學與哲學共同關注的重要問題。近年來，時間議題於組織研究的重要性不容小覷，不少主流管理期刊都以專題特刊的形式，探討時間在組織中所扮演的角色。然而，儘管已有許多研究在管理與組織領域探討時間議題，但研究者卻往往未將時間本體視為其主要研究對象，又或者沒有區分研究對象為客觀時間或主觀時間，意即「時間」或「時間觀」。有鑑於此，本研究試圖進一步釐清相關研究主題，將以客觀時間作為研究對象者稱為「時間相關研究」，而以主觀時間作為研究對象者稱為「時間觀研究」，並強調文化在其中扮演的重要角色。總之，本文的目的在於有系統的回顧過去有關時間與時間觀的重點文獻，並分別針對不同研究途徑提出未來研究建議與方向，以期鼓勵更多研究學者投入時間議題研究。

Time is a challenging yet vague concept. It is one of the most important issues of concern in philosophy and science. In recent years, the importance of time in organizational research has been growing. Many mainstream management journals have explored the role of time in the organizational context in the form of special issues. However, few researchers have considered time as the main object of study. Moreover, few distinguish between objective time and subjective time, or time and temporal perspective. In view of this, this article sought to further clarify the relevant research topics, and label studies focused on objective time as ”time-related research”, while studies focused on subjective time are labeled ”research on time”. This article provides a review of the literature on the findings from early ”time-related research” and ”research on time” in an organizational context. We critically evaluate time and temporal research and develop research questions that can guide future inquiry in this fertile research area.