俄羅斯轉型的社會力量探源

Abstract

本文認為，俄羅斯轉型的社會力量的起源，可追溯到1989-1993的關鍵時期。當時，在兩種不同的政治環境下，存在著兩種類型或功能的社會力量：(1) 在解放的政治背景下，選舉動員與反抗共黨政權的公民社會：1989-1991；(2) 在國家建造的政治背景下，支持改革與反制共黨復辟的公民社會：1991-1993。在這期間，社會力量在三種制度安排 (選舉、社會夥伴關係、行政與立法關係) 的環境下運作，並可援引礦工運動和「民主俄羅斯」運動為例。

This paper traces the origins of the social forces of post-Soviet Russia’s transformation back to the critical period of 1989-1993. Two types or functions of social forces existed in two different political contexts: (1) 1989-91, an elections-stimulated and anti-regime civil society (the politics of liberation); and (2) 1991-93, a pro-reform and anti-restorationist civil society (the politics of state-building). The miners’ movement and DemRossiya were the representative cases of the social forces operating within the context of three sets of institutional arrangements – elections, social partnership, and executive-legislative relations.