當代中國『國家－社會』關係的變與常：以環保組織的發展為例

Abstract

中國大陸歷經三十年的經濟改革與現代化建設，除了快速的經濟成長外，也為社會變遷提供了絕佳的機會。伴隨這些變遷而出現的是各種新的制度安排與國家社會關係的轉變。近年來，大量社會組織的出現引發學術界高度的重視，諸多社會研究者相信公民社會的出現與否，與一個國家能否成功邁向開放、多元與競爭性政治體系有關。而觀諸中國大陸社會組織的發展，當屬環保組織最為活躍，甚至逐漸其有政策影響力。因此，本文將以中國大陸環保組織的發展為例，試圖回答以下問題：何種國內與國際因素將導致中國大陸社會力量的出現？我們該如何理解環保組織的興起，以及其所帶來的「國家－社會」關餘的轉變？社會變遷與國際倡議網絡的影響是否將使中國大陸出現新的環境治理機制？比分析將有助於解釋中國大陸經濟社會變遷、全球化力量及黨國體制的共存，並理解當代中國「國家－社會」關係。

China`s drive toward reform and modernization in the past 30 years has not only led to rapid economic growth but also created new opportunities for social changes. The desired result of all these changes is the emergence of a new set of institutional arrangements. The dramatic changes and significant consequences stirred by the development of social organizations have drawn much attention to the subject. Social scientists believe that a country`s progression toward a more open, pluralistic and competitive political system is dependent on whether the country allows a civil society to emerge. Environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) have carved out a field of existence in China`s changing social terrain. Furthermore, ENGOs are becoming increasing visible players in China`s environmental policies. At this point, these empirical observations raise important issues: What are the domestic and international causes for the emergence of social forces in China? how can we best understand the rise of ENGOs and the resulting state-society relationship in China? Do these sorts of dynamic social changes and transnational advocacy network indicate that new Environmental governance mechanism is indeed emerging in China? The line of analysis will seek to explain how socio-economic changes and international forces co-exist with the continued dominance of the party-state and understand the ”state-society relationship” in contemporary China.