論偵查機關調閱銀行私人帳戶資料之合法性─與美國作比較

Abstract

長久以來，我國在偵辦民刑事案件時，調閱相關人等之銀行帳戶資料通常是必要作法之一，表面上看來行之有年、理所當然，但深究後卻發現未臻完善、有待改進，其中尤以正當合法性及與個人隱私權之衝突最具爭議。調閱銀行帳戶資料固然是快速有效偵查案情的方式之一，但若無合理的法律依據、明確的施行方針、完善的配套措施及必要的懲處規定，將易流於擴權濫用，不僅違背法理，亦侵害當事人之隱私權，影響甚鉅，而當今我國文獻中卻較缺乏關於此方面之探討，殊為可惜。因此，目前我國偵查機關調閱銀行帳戶資料之法律依據為何？與其他法律是否有矛盾衝突之處？實務上如何施行？有哪些配套措施？未來有何改進之道？若公務機關違法濫權有何懲罰機制？如何適當修改現有法令規範以使其更臻完善？凡此皆與社會大眾息息相關，並使筆者產生高度興趣及強烈研究動機，期盼透過深入研究，得以充分瞭解相關理論與實務，並對問題提出解決或改善之建議。\r\n 無論自人性尊嚴、隱私權或資訊自決權之觀點來看，個人資料保護皆為基本且重要之議題，不容忽視，而銀行帳戶實為個人資料當中非常重要之一環。美國為隱私權概念發源地，理論與實務發展久遠，深具探討價值，故本文擇其作為比較分析對象。為求深入探討調閱銀行帳戶資料在台灣及美國司法實務面運作之情形，本文整理解析兩國近年來相關法規及民事刑事裁判，2010年4月我國立法通過之「電腦處理個人資料保護法修正案」(後更名為「個人資料保護法」，2012年10月付諸實行，以下亦簡稱「新個資法」)亦在本文討論範圍內。本文將介紹各相關法規內容，分析新舊法規之差異，探究實務面作法及未來可能走向，以提供各位讀者先進參考。\r\n 國家為履行公共任務或打擊金融犯罪，通常需要調閱相關人等之銀行帳戶資料，此為偵查機關職責所在，但若稍有不慎即可能使個人資訊隱私權遭受重大侵害，而目前理論與實務面皆尚有未盡完善之處。筆者盼以本身面臨之法令疑義，對我國新個資法及台美兩國相關法規之檢視，對本文蒐集資料之研讀心得，及在金融業服務十年之工作經驗作為本文研究之核心。\r\n 本篇論文之主要目的，盼藉由各面向之探討及對法律制度之論述，檢視當今我國與美國調閱銀行私人帳戶資料之正當性與合法性；本文不僅描述兩國偵查機關調閱銀行帳戶資料之現況，亦針對問題分析研究，提出建議策略，盼能為我國目前存在之問題困境貢獻一己之力，以供法律界、金融界及相關公務部門參考。\r\n 透過本文研究，可觀察目前我國與美國調閱銀行私人帳戶資料相關法規與實務之發展方向，探討主管機關在提升偵查效率及保障個人財務資訊隱私權之間如何取得平衡，希冀政府機關不僅能快速有效完成偵查任務，亦能在合情合理合法範圍內作好個人資料保護，兩全其美。

In Taiwan, law enforcement’s access to private banking account is a common way of investigating civil or criminal crimes. Although it seems very normal, it still has some problems need to be solved, especially its legality and controversy over privacy. It’s efficient to investigate a crime by retrieving data from private banking account, but it’s easy to invade personal privacy if there’s no reasonable law, clear direction, supplementary measures or necessary punishments. As a result, it’s very worthwhile and important to discuss this thesis’ title. However, there are not many relevant essays or writings in our country nowadays.\r\n About this issue, there are many relevant topics which are worthy to be discussed. For example, what is the legal basis of this kind of investigation? Is there any inconsistency between its legal basis and other laws? What are the implementations or supporting measures in practice and improvements in the future? Is there any supervision mechanism if the Government abuses its power? How to amend existing legal regulations appropriately to make them more perfect? Topics above are closely related to all society so the author has a high degree of interest and motivation. Hope this thesis will make readers fully understand relevant theory and practice then they may know how to solve problems and make improvements by this article’s suggestion.\r\n Whether from the point of view of privacy, human dignity or self-determination of revealing personal information, protection of personal data is always a basic and important issue which shouldn’t be ignored. The private banking account is actually one kind of the most important personal data. The United States (hereinafter also “America”) is the birthplace of the concept of privacy which has developed there for a long time. It is worth researching so the author selects America for comparative analysis task. In order to discuss the judicial practice about private banking account being investigated by the authorities in Taiwan and America, the author sorts out and analyzes relevant regulations and criminal judges of these two countries in recent years. “Computer Processed Personal Information Protection Act Amendments” (later renamed “Personal Information Protection Act”, implemented in October 2012, hereinafter also “New Personal Information Act”) passed by the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan in April 2010 is also within the scope of this article. This article will describe the contents of relevant laws, analyze the differences between old and new regulations and discuss practical approaches and possible directions in the future so this thesis will provide reference for all readers.\r\n The Government often needs to retrieve banking account information to fulfill public tasks or fight against financial crimes. Although this is the duty of the authorities, it will result in serious violation of personal information privacy if the authorities make any mistake. In fact, both of relevant theory and practice in our country have some drawbacks and deficiencies at this time. The author looks forward to discussing the doubts of law, examining “New Personal Information Act” and relevant regulations of Taiwan and America and sharing study experience on this issue and a decade of work experience in the financial industry in order to constitute the core of this research.\r\n The main purpose of this thesis is to examine the necessity and legality of retrieving banking account information in Taiwan and America by discussing all relevant aspects and legal systems. This article not only describes the authorities’ access to banking account information in the current situation but also analyzes problems, makes suggestions and offers strategies. The author hopes to do his best to make some contribution to the law, financial industry and related public authorities.\r\n Through this thesis, readers could observe Taiwan and America’s investigation of private banking account currently and developing directions of relevant regulations and actual situations in the future. Readers could also learn and discuss how the authorities weigh improvement of investigation efficiency and protection of personal financial information privacy. Hope our Government will not only complete investigation quickly and efficiently but also protect personal information privacy legally and reasonably.

\"第一章 緒論 1\r\n第一節 研究動機與目的 1\r\n第一項 研究動機 1\r\n第二項 研究目的 1\r\n第二節 研究範圍與方法 2\r\n第一項 研究範圍 2\r\n第二項 研究方法 2\r\n第三節 本文研究主題 4\r\n\r\n第二章 我國偵查機關調閱銀行私人帳戶資料之解析 5\r\n第一節 我國偵查機關調閱銀行私人帳戶資料 5\r\n第一項 憲法 5\r\n第二項 刑法及刑事訴訟法 7\r\n第三項 個人資料保護法 12\r\n第四項 其他相關金融法律 15\r\n第二節 我國偵查機關調閱銀行私人帳戶資料之實務作法 18\r\n第一項 我國實務執行面概述 18\r\n第二項 我國實務執行面問題探討 19\r\n第三節 小結 24\r\n\r\n第三章 美國偵查機關調閱銀行私人帳戶資料之解析 26\r\n第一節 美國偵查機關調閱銀行私人帳戶資料 26\r\n第一項 憲法 27\r\n第二項 刑法及刑事訴訟法 30\r\n第三項 個人資料保護法 33\r\n第四項 其他相關金融法律 34\r\n第二節 美國偵查機關調閱銀行私人帳戶資料之實務作法 37\r\n第一項 美國實務執行面概述 37\r\n第二項 美國實務執行面問題探討 42\r\n第三節 我國與美國偵查機關調閱銀行私人帳戶資料之比較 44\r\n第四節 小結 46\r\n\r\n第四章 個人財務資訊隱私權 47\r\n第一節 我國對個人財務資訊隱私權之保障 47\r\n第一項 法律依據 49\r\n第二項 實務作法 54\r\n第二節 美國對個人財務資訊隱私權之保障 58\r\n第一項 法律依據 58\r\n第二項 實務作法 61\r\n第三節 兩國之比較 63\r\n第一項 兩國共通點 63\r\n第二項 兩國相異處 64\r\n第三項 兩國優缺點 65\r\n第四節 小結 66\r\n\r\n第五章 調閱銀行私人帳戶資料與保障個人財務資訊隱私權之權衡 70\r\n第一節 我國實務狀況 70\r\n第一項 實務運作現狀 70\r\n第二項 實務運作問題 72\r\n第三項 銀行帳戶資料與通信紀錄受保障程度之比較 74\r\n第二節 美國實務狀況 76\r\n第一項 實務運作現狀 76\r\n第二項 實務運作問題 78\r\n第三項 案例分析 80\r\n第三節 建議與小結 81\r\n第一項 建議 81\r\n第二項 小結 87\r\n\r\n第六章 結論 93\r\n\r\n參考文獻 98\r\n\"