電視新聞攝影記者採訪報導颱風新聞的採訪應變與專業意理

Abstract

本研究探討國內電視新聞攝影記者採訪報導颱風新聞的採訪應變與專業意理。研究採取質化的深度訪談法，訪談12名任職於台北有線、無線電視新聞頻道的男性攝影記者。研究結果發現，攝影記者在自然環境破壞與充斥新聞編輯室時效、災難影像競爭壓力的報導現場裡，克服環境、設備資源侷限發展應變之道，而能因地制宜、就地取材、或朝向預防準備方向。當自然環境衍伸出採訪安全風險時，攝影記者會權衡多重面向因素，如：編輯室內控壓力、自然環境、個人因素、與文字記者配合程度而決定是否涉險，過往受傷經歷也讓攝影記者累積採訪智識，判斷環境風險。但是，攝影記者為了應付編輯室壓力、採訪安全問題，常產生目的導向的「偏差介入式」報導手段。\n\n 攝影記者採訪報導颱風創傷新聞情境，面對死者遺體與受創傷者的情緒壓力會在現場或報導完後有所展現，他們會藉由採訪智識、前輩經驗傳承或自我創建降低心理創傷的採訪方式、調適辦法。且攝影記者對颱風創傷情景的記憶，會連帶觸動他們工作生涯裡初次與印象最深刻的創傷新聞情景，進行跨事件聯想。過往創傷新聞經驗會脈絡性地影響攝影記者採訪報導方式，有助於專業意理養成、但也可能助長偏差的報導手段。\n\n 專業意理於攝影記者採訪報導颱風新聞的實踐，傾向以新聞本質的記錄真實、快速傳遞訊息而自然而然地發揮媒介助人、批評譴責、動員、關懷、設定議題、解決問題等正向功能。但是，這些正向的媒介功能卻會被攝影記者作為合理化偏差報導手段的藉口，記者僅重視報導可能帶來的正向「結果」，忽視採訪報導方式的「程序正義」。在在反映攝影記者欠缺採訪報導創傷情境的認識、應變颱風報導環境限制的安全策略，與抵抗編輯室內控壓力的適切辦法。

This study investigates television photojournalists’ adaptation strategies and professional ideology when covering typhoon news in Taiwan. 12 male photojournalists who work in cable and network television stations in Taipei are in-depth interviewed. The findings indicate that photojournalists seek resources from the news venue and adapt them to fit in the local circumstances, or prepare in advanced to deal with the possible restrictions from natural environment due to typhoon disasters. \nSimultaneously, photojournalists also weigh multiple factors to take risks for news or not, like competitive pressures, newsroom routines, natural environment, individual causes and the degree of cooperation with their counterpart. They evaluate risks of natural environment based upon their hands-on wisdom that is collected from past physical hurt experiences. However, photojournalists under the pressure of competition sometimes use inappropriate ways to shoot news footages and get involved in news events to make sensational typhoon news.\n\n Interviewed photojournalists have emotional stresses when facing corpses and traumatized people at the news venue, even after work. Covering wisdom, senior photojournalists’ experiences and suggestions are good way to mitigate photojournalists’ emotional stresses and trauma. The interviewees’ answers to typhoon reporting are often associated with their first trauma news experiences and most impressive event. Those significant experiences in their career will influence photojournalists’ reporting methods towards nurturing beneficial professional ideology or increasing inappropriate covering measures.\n\n Photojournalists tend to develop positive media functions, like helping, criticism, mobilization, care, agenda-setting and solutions-developing to accomplish their professional ideology by reporting truth and conveying disaster messages as soon as possible. Nevertheless, photojournalists only focus on “consequentialism” of effective media functions, but discard “procedural justice” of moral reasoning in typhoon reporting. The so-called professional ideology is only optimistic bias among photojournalists.