中國大陸「山寨機」產業興衰的政治經濟分析

Abstract

從2003年迄今，中國大陸因俗稱「山寨機」之低價非品牌2G手機的壯大，迅速成為全球行動電話（手機）產業的最大市場。被形容是山寨機大本營的深圳市，也發展垂直整合的山寨機產業鏈與聚落。山寨機不僅深入中國大陸三、四級城市與廣大農村地區，而且在不斷提升國內市占率的同時，迅速成為印度半島、中東與拉丁美洲等全球主要新興市場的熱銷電子產品，威脅國內外品牌公司的銷售量。2008年起，山寨機熱潮雖開始衰退，但山寨文化也開始從手機跨界至其他消費性電子產品，「山寨筆記型電腦」、「山寨iPad」蔚為風潮，山寨機彷彿成為資通訊科技產業（ICT）的發展典範。堪稱山寨文化始祖的山寨機究竟是在什麼樣的背景下崛起的？如何發展？又為何經歷衰退與轉型？國內外行動者在此一過程中扮演何種角色？本文擬根據國家（中國大陸中央與地方政府）、中國大陸本地業者（山寨手機製造業者與大陸自有品牌業者）、代表GSM行動通訊營運商與國際品牌手機製造商利益的GSM聯盟及國外政府等行為者的偏好及權力消長，分析它們彼此之間的互動對中國大陸山寨機產業興衰的影響。

With the hot sale of cheap no-brand 2G mobile phones, so-called “bandit handsets”, China has become rapidly the world’s first largest market by mobile subscribers since 2003. Shenzhen City, described as the stronghold of bandit handsets industry, also developed the vertically-integrated supply chain and cluster. Bandit handsets have not only been best-selling at the Mainland’s third and fourth-level cities and vast countryside, with their growing domestic market share, but also reached the Indian Peninsula, the Middle East and the Latin America in no time. Although this trend has begun to decline since 2008, the “bandit culture” has been crossing over into other consumer electronic products. “Bandit notebooks” and “bandit iPads” now are gaining in popularity, as the “bandit handsets” seem to be the developmental paradigm for the ICT industries. How and in what background did the “bandit handset” industry as the pioneer of the “bandit culture” emerge? How did it develop? And why did it suffer from decline and seek to transform itself? What role did the domestic and foreign actors play in the process? This paper attempts to single out the state (the central and local governments), domestic mobile manufacturers (the bandit handset manufacturers and local big companies with brands), the GSM Association representing the interests of GSM telecom operators and transnational brands, and foreign governments, as the main actors in the power game. Then the paper analyzes the interactions of these actors by their policy preferences and power relationships.