首次從學校轉渡至工作者的生活適應

Abstract

個體的生涯決定受到社會價值之型塑甚鉅，聯考制度將學生分發至不同類組、學校、和科系就讀，更影響其日後的就業選擇與適應，故擬進行本研究。本研究的目的在於：\r\n1.想了解學生在選填志願時受到家庭與社會價值觀的影響，並進而決定其工作領域和性質之事實。\r\n2.想了解首次從學校轉渡至工作三年內之青年的生活安排與適應。\r\n3.以分析深度訪談的文稿來呈現本研究主題。\r\n在方法上，本研究採用質性研究的方法，強調實踐行動理論的不確定本質，重視當事人的主體與自我對話；閱讀者在閱讀時，已將個人置放在新的角度，創造新意。\r\n研究對象是15個生涯故事的主角，包括不同的教育程度、學校、科系、職業種類、工作期間長短、和居住型態，女生9人，男生6人。\r\n研究歷程方面，在邀定受訪對象後，編製訪談原則，由研究者擔任訪談者。訪談過程全程錄音，並謄寫成逐字稿，並撰寫過程紀錄文稿。經由受訪者勘誤、修正後，再由研究者進行資料分析。\r\n研究發現如下：\r\n1.以對工作滿意程度與投入程度將受訪者分成四個類型。\r\n【型一】滿意並願意投入工作─充滿熱忱和抱負：fu01、fu03、mg04、mg06、mu08、fg12。\r\n【型二】不滿意但願意投入工作─寄託於它的附加價值：fu05、mu09、mu13、ms15。\r\n【型三】滿意但不願投入工作─深深的無力感：fu07、fu10。\r\n【型四】不滿意也不願投入工作─不得不做：fu02、fu11、ms14。\r\n2.大部分受訪者是以順服社會規範的現實性原則，如：出路寬廣、經濟限制、分數落點、和其他來決定校系，進而影響往後將從事的工作，在我國文化氛圍下，並沒有太多人的生涯發展能吻合「真如自我」的理想型，他們對自己生涯的決定仍然「不由自主」。\r\n3.青年轉換到工作者角色之後，他們都服膺社會規範期許自己要成熟獨立，認為未成年是需要脫離的狀態，但不論真正的成熟是否已經呈現，或用何種方式呈現，Scheer & Palkovitz（1994）表示他們都將有較為成熟和負責的行為。獨立是必須的，但成熟沒有時間表，「從學生轉渡為工作者」的事件可說是發展過程中的有力觸媒。\r\n4.首次轉渡到工作的青年仍然符合集體主義，因為他們與家人同住是非常自然合理的事情，離鄉背井來到都市工作才使得青年衍生出不同的居住型態。家庭對有些人而言，自己一個人的家也是完整的家，他們或者自行選擇在外居住，或為累積個人經濟資源而與家人同住，可以看見個人主義精神。家庭對另外一些人而言，家庭就是有家人的組合，能集合完整的家庭成員才稱得上圓滿。有人選擇以結婚後的新家庭來銜接原生家庭；有人則傾向留一段空白給自己，直到進入婚姻或承接養家責任為止。不論他們居住安排的型態與考量為何，只是孝心與孝行的形式不同，孝順的情感聯繫還存留在人心。\r\n5.不論在外居住的動機是出於主動或被動，要適應一個以個人為生活主體的居住型態，都將把青年拋入一個必須自理與自處的學習情境。透過這樣的經驗歷程，他們有機會逐漸發展出個人處理生活事項與家人關係的獨特模式，以及與孤單、寂寞相處的方式。\r\n6.目前新成為工作者未久，即使屬於個人的時間、空間能與工作釐清界線，但餘裕仍嫌不足，所以強健體魄的活動首先被犧牲掉；而休閒的目的性也強過於個人興趣之培養和維持。看來，認知與行動之間的距離仍然遙遠。\r\n7.父母和子女若能取得「讓子女放手去闖」的共識，使青年的生命自主權和平移轉到自己手上，這是善意回應關係轉變的開始，具有較高的家庭支持的功能。此外，對家庭責任的重新建構也是人格自主的一部份吧！本研究的受訪者大部分都能用彈性的眼光來看待家人關係，允許不完美的存在。\r\n8.從受訪者的心理意向中得知，成功滿意的戀愛往往指向結婚的目的。認為婚姻是必然的結果，完整人生階段無庸置疑的做法；另一部份人將焦點放在達到結婚的過程，表示充實個人的生存能力，以及在不易尋覓真心相待的愛情市場中審慎判斷，才是他們看待感情時最看重的部分在無法找到契合伴侶以前，不結婚也是值得考量的生活型態。

The career decision of an individual is deeply shaped by the social value. The National Entrance Examination classifies students to different group, school, and major, which even will influence their further occupation choice and adjustment. The purposes in the present essay are the following :\r\n1. To investigate whether students are influenced by their parents’ wishes and the society’s values while choosing a major. And that effect their field and quality of work decision too.\r\n2. To comprehend, and to understand the life arrangement and adjustment of the youth transferred from school to work in three years.\r\n3. Through analyzing the “ in-depth interview “, to testify the topic.\r\nThe present study was qualitative in nature, which emphasize practicing the” uncertainty “ of the action research, pay much attention to the clients main body and self-conversation. While reading the materials, the readers have put themselves into a new point of view, and produce new creation.\r\nThe study was consisted of 15 subjects with their own career story. Including of different education degree, school, major, occupation, working period, and life pattern.9 females, 6 males.\r\nStudy procedures contained : Inviting subjects to be the volunteers of the study, then conduct the interviewing guiding principles. The research is also the interviewer. Recording each interview, and wrote it down word by word according to the tape. The researcher analyzed the information after the subjects corrected the written materials.\r\nThere were several findings as following:\r\n1. Distributed the interviewees into four types by satisfaction of job and involvement of job. Type1: full of enthusiasm and ambition. Type 2: desire for the addictive value better. Type 3: deeply powerless to alter. Type 4: There isn’t any other choice.\r\n2. The leading force for most interviewees to shape their career was based on the pragmatic principle which was consistent to the social value. Such as: job opportunity, job security, and pay. Other factors were : weather the job required a lot of physical, mental strength, and pressure. Seldom of them can break the social values, committing to their ideal career.\r\n3. While the youth turn their social role to a formal worker, they expect themselves be independent and mature. The event ” being a formal worker “ is a powerful vehicle of one’s character development.\r\n4. Most of the youth transferring to work feel it’s nature to live with their parents together, except those who move to a big city and earn their living. Some of them feel a single person can be a complete family, and they cherish the period they can live along. And others think of a home is a composition of family, and they admire to live with their parents until marriage. No matter out of which opinion, young people show filial obedience with different expression.\r\n5. Living along without parents make young people face a new situation. They have the opportunity to learn conducting life errands by themselves, balancing the interpersonal relationship, and getting along with oneself.\r\n6. Newly being a worker in a office, many young people must pay a lot of time learning working skills. It leads to giving up time exercising. Many interviewees spend their leisure time relaxing, rather than develop or maintain their interests.\r\n7. Many interviewees feel when they being a formal worker, their parents will respect them for independent. They can self-dominant in many aspects. The tension between parents and children become more alleviate. Many of them can admit imperfect relationship between parents and children do exist.\r\n8. As for the ideas on love affair, all interviewees think of successful love will lead to marriage. But some of them feel marriage is very necessary, they can’t satisfy their life stage without marriage. The others emphasize the process of personal growth more. They accept to live a single life when not meeting a soul partner.