近代中國社會形構之轉型研究－馬克思主義觀點之應用與檢討

Abstract

本論文的研究目的是從馬克思主義的觀點，來分析近代中國社會形構之轉型，並提出一種理解現伐社會主義國家和第三世界國家政治情況之概念框架。\r\n為達此一目的，本研究首先分析並檢討複雜的馬克思主義對社會形構的理解，其次再將其應用於近代中國社會形構之分析。\r\n由中國的歷史經驗之特殊性和世界資本主義之普遍的性，亦即中國社會的內部轉變和世界帝國主義的歷史脈絡之內外因素的辯證綜合，顯示出，帝國主義在前資本主義社會中進行的是破壞性功能。並且，現代社會主義國家和第三世界國家所經歷的惡性循環，大部分是過去帝國主義之否定性效果所反映的形態。\r\n基於過去的歷史經驗，對應帝國主義否定性效果的一個可行的傾向－－但，並非理想性的傾向－－就是社會形構各層面的權威主義化。然而，這種傾向終究造成了市民社會之急進主義運動。\r\n本研究結果強調，對現存社會的否定不同於新社會的建設。社會主義國家和第三世界國家的過去經驗證實，權威主義雖然在初期有一些肯定性的面向，但並不能解決社會的各種問題，而大眾路線才是他們到目前所尋找的解決方策之一。

This dissertation aims to analyse the transformation of social formation in modern China and through which present a theoretical basis to understand the politico-economic problems contemporary socialist countries and the Third World countries have been experiencing so far.\r\nTo fulfil this purpose, this study reexamines complicated Marxist theories om social formation and further applies them to the concrete situation of modern China.\r\nThe dialectical synthesis of the inner and the outer factors, that is, the particularity of China`s historical experience and the universality of world capitalism, in a more concrete sense, the internal dynamism of Chinese society and the external historical context of world imperialism, shows that imperialism performed very destructive role in modern China in the sense that it destructed both traditional society and the potential for future cpitalist development and the problems determinant of the vicious cycle which contemporary socialist countries and the Third World countries are suffering from are, for the most part, the reflection of the negative effect of imperialism in the past.\r\nThe possible but undesirable tendency against the imperialist exploitation of economic surplus was the way to authoritarianism on each level of social formation, that is to say, concentration of the means of production, bipolarization of class structure, and authoritarianization of the state, however, which only brought about radical revolutionary movements in civil society. As an anti-thesis to authoritarianization, Communist revolutionaries successfully mobilized peasants into socialist movement, but peasant line was a reflection of the underdevelopment of bourgeois class and its own opposite proletarian class, as a result of dependent development of Chinese capitalism, thus further conditioning the abcdrmal going of Chinese socialism which expressed a strong impulse for authoritarianism on each level of social formation.\r\nThis study concluds that the negation of existing society and the establishment of a new one are two different matters and, though often rejected to adopt. populist line, from the past experience of China, is the possible solution which contemporary socialist countries and the Third World countries have been looking for till now.