Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/91504| DC Field | Value | Language |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 林碧炤 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author | 黃榮護 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator | 黃榮護 | zh_TW |
| dc.date | 1986 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2016-05-05T07:08:39Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2016-05-05T07:08:39Z | - |
| dc.date.issued | 2016-05-05T07:08:39Z | - |
| dc.identifier | B2002006419 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/91504 | - |
| dc.description | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description | 外交學系 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 目錄\r\n序言\r\n第一章 美國越戰誤導的經驗…1\r\n第一節 美國介入中南半島紛爭始末…2\r\n第二節 美國越戰決策中的迷思與困境…7\r\n一、 文人軍事家的勁健作風與迷信武力…7\r\n（一） 物質力量決定論…7\r\n（二） 文人領袖的勁健作風與危機管理…9\r\n二、 分析判斷的誤差…11\r\n（一） 專家知識…11\r\n（二） 戰爭的性質…12\r\n（三） 客觀事實的漠視…12\r\n（四） 主觀好惡的聯結…14\r\n三、「管理途徑」的決策理念當道…15\r\n（一）軍事方案…18\r\n（二）文人方案…18\r\n四、封閉系統的政策制定…19\r\n（一）總統的支配地位…19\r\n（二）狹隘的顧問官僚團…20\r\n（三）決策內圈的不滲透性…20\r\n第三節 越戰對美國外交衝擊的反省…23\r\n一、 道德層面…23\r\n（一） 美國介入中南半島的道德問題…24\r\n（二） 美國越南政策之手段──目的間的道德問題…24\r\n（三） 美國放棄越南的道德問題…25\r\n（四） 戰爭的責任…26\r\n二、 政策層面…27\r\n（一） 安全與權力的相對性…27\r\n（二） 外交目標、忽視外交工具的運用與覺醒…28\r\n（三） 記取真實分析報導的重要性…29\r\n（四） 影響與價值…29\r\n（五） 政治與政策的不可分割性…30\r\n三、 歷史層面…31\r\n（一） 歷史的矛盾…31\r\n（二） 邁向未來…32\r\n第二章 越戰支持共識的瓦解及其演變…41\r\n第一節 美國內與國際的支持共識…42\r\n一、 六0年初期美國民眾的情緒…42\r\n二、 東京灣事件以後…43\r\n三、 國外的支持…45\r\n第二節 「支持共識」瓦解的促成因素…46\r\n一、 戰爭認知的改變…46\r\n（一） 戰爭理由…46\r\n（二） 無止境目標…48\r\n（三） 世界輿論…48\r\n（四） 國際體系的變化…49\r\n二、 國內共識的消失…49\r\n（一） 漸昇戰費…49\r\n（二） 傳播媒體與政府和人民間信用的差距…51\r\n（三） 新生代…53\r\n（四） 反戰運動…54\r\n第三節 越戰以後的共識型態…55\r\n一、 保守派國際主義…57\r\n二、 自由派國際主義…59\r\n三、 準孤立主義…61\r\n第四節 共識重建的歷程與遠景…63\r\n第三章 國會外交權的伸張…77\r\n第一節 總統與國會的外交權及其關係…77\r\n一、 總統的外交權…78\r\n（一） 憲法賦予…78\r\n（二） 六種非憲法的來源…79\r\n二、 國會的外交權…80\r\n（一） 憲法賦予…80\r\n（二） 憲法權以外的立法影響…84\r\n三、 國會先天性弱點及其與總統的關係…84\r\n第二節 越戰結束前國外的外交權（1948～72）…86\r\n一、 國會的順從…86\r\n二、 國會與危機…87\r\n三、 行政力量…88\r\n四、 白宮對國會同黨的拉力…89\r\n五、 國會的自我中心傾向…90\r\n六、 牽涉國內資源的對外政策…90\r\n七、 歸化的美國人與國會…91\r\n八、 國會的革新精神與實用主義…92\r\n第三節 越戰結束後國會的外交權（1973～82）…94\r\n一、 問題的澄清…94\r\n二、 國會外交權伸張的四種因素…95\r\n（一） 國會的自我中心傾向…95\r\n（二） 國會擁權自重的需要…96\r\n（三） 總統的闇弱…97\r\n（四） 反共共識的瓦解…97\r\n三、 七0年代國會外交權伸張的實例…98\r\n（一）「戰爭權力決議案」…98\r\n（二）「國家承諾決議案」…99\r\n（三）軍售的立法否決…100\r\n（四）「國際性內政事務」──貿易…100\r\n（五）對外援助…103\r\n（六）條約的締結與終止…103\r\n第四節 國會外交權的前瞻…107\r\n第四章 武力使用…121\r\n第一節 理論與實際…121\r\n一、「武力」的界定…122\r\n二、誘因、成本與效益…124\r\n三、影響產出的有關變數…129\r\n（一）目標…129\r\n（二）結果…131\r\n（三）方式…132\r\n（四）型態…133\r\n（五）層次…133\r\n（六）行動…134\r\n（七）情境…135\r\n第二節 越戰結束前之武力使用（1946～72）…136\r\n一、 個案研究…136\r\n（一） 寮國戰爭（1962）…136\r\n（二） 印巴戰爭（1971）…139\r\n（三） 黎巴嫩危機（1958）…141\r\n（四） 約旦危機（1970）…143\r\n（五） 多明尼加共和國危機（1961～62）…144\r\n二、 武力的特定角色…146\r\n三、 成功關鍵的變數分析…147\r\n四、 結語…148\r\n第三節 越戰後遺症──武力使用的內在限制及其演變…149\r\n一、 概論…149\r\n二、 內在限制的實例分析──「1973年戰爭權力決議案」…150\r\n三、 個案研究…154\r\n（一） 馬雅古茲號事件（1975）…154\r\n（二） 板門店事件（1976）…155\r\n（三） 營救人質事件（1980）…156\r\n（四） 美軍撤離貝魯特事件（1984）…159\r\n（五） 格林那達島事件（1983）…161\r\n四、 結語…163\r\n第五章 結論…181\r\n參考書目…187\r\n\r\n圖目次\r\n圖4-1 1946～75美國海軍，地面戰鬥部隊和地面空軍介入事件之數目…169\r\n\r\n表目次\r\n表1-1 外交決策程序靜態階段表…14\r\n表1-2 美國1961～72對越政策組合方案…17\r\n表1-3 總統因素與中南半島政策制定…21\r\n表2-1 美國外交政策的國內支持…44\r\n表2-2 1965～72美國在中南半島之戰費…50\r\n表2-3 美國結束越戰後三派主要外交政策共識型態…64\r\n表2-4 1945～1964美國國會對一些特定的外交問題投票趨向…68\r\n表2-5 冷戰時期合作性國際主義與干涉主義態度分析…73\r\n表4-1 1946～75年美國核武與主要傳統武力一起使用的事件…171\r\n表4-2 1946～75年美國介入事件之時間、地區配置表…171 | zh_TW |
| dc.source.uri | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002006419 | en_US |
| dc.title | 越戰對美國外交政策的影響 | zh_TW |
| dc.type | thesis | en_US |
| dc.relation.reference | 參考書目\r\n一、 中文\r\n1. 杜蘅之著，國際法之展望，臺北：臺灣商務印書館，民國六五年五月初版。\r\n2. 張良任著，尼克森政府的越南政策，臺北：臺灣商務印書館，民國七二年九月初版。\r\n3. 張京育著，國際關係與國際政治，臺北：幼獅文化事業公司，民國七二年十二月初版。\r\n4. 鈕先鍾譯，越戰論叢，臺北：軍事譯粹社，民國五七年七月初版。\r\n5. Bayless Manning, (The Conduct of United States Foreign Policy in the Nation’s Third Century: 1975)淦克超譯，美國今後外交政策，臺北：幼獅文化事業公司，民國六五年十二月出版。\r\n6. Henry A. Kissinger, (American Foreign Policy: Three Essays: 1969)李其泰譯，美國外交政策，臺北：國際關係研究所，民國六一年出版。\r\n7. 林碧炤著，「如何研究外交政策的制定：一項方法論的評介」，問題與研究第二一卷第八期，臺北：國立政治大學國際關係研究中心出版，民國七一年六月：頁75～83。\r\n8. _____，「外科手術型的戰爭」，中國時報，民國七五年四月十九日，第四版。\r\n9. 區鉅龍著，「雷根政府重振『實力外交』的構想與目標」，問題與研究第二一卷第七期，臺北：國立政治大學國際關係研究中心出版，民國七一年四月：頁43-52。\r\n10. 譚溯澄著，「政治科學與國家安全政策分析」，問題與研究第十八卷第一期，臺北：國立政治大學國際關係研究中心出版，民國六七年十月：頁27～36。\r\n11. _____，「現實主義與國際關係分析」，問題與研究第二十卷第七期，臺北：國立政治大學國際關係研究中心出版，民國七十年四月：頁74～82。\r\n\r\n二、 英文\r\nPublic Documents & Others\r\n1. Powers of the Presidency Debate Topics (1974): House Document 273, 93d. Congress 2nd. ses. Washington D.C.: U.S. Goverment Printing Office, 1974.\r\n2. The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of U.S. Decision-Making on Vietnam. Senator Gravel Edition vols. 1-4. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.\r\n3. U.S. Congress, \"Indochina War Statistics: Dollars and Deaths.\" Congressional Record 94th Cong., Vol. 121, No. 77, May 14, 1975: S 8152–56.\r\n4. U.S. Congress, Senate and House, Congressional Record Vols. 115, 116, 117, 118, 1969-72.\r\n5. U.S. Department of State, Department of State Bulletin, Selected and referenced Vols for 1945-75.\r\n6. U.S. Department of State. A Threat to the Peace: North Vietnam`s Effort to Conquer South Vietnam. Publication 7308. Far Eastern Series 110. July 1962.\r\n7. The Washington Lobby, 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1979.\r\nBooks\r\n1. Allison, Graham. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban\r\nMissile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.\r\n2. Almond, Gabriel and Coleman, James. The Politics of the Developing Areas. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960.\r\n3. Aron, Raymond. The Imperial Republic: The United States and the World, 1945-73. Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop, 1974.\r\n4. Austin, Anthony. The President`s War: The Story of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution and How the Nation Was Trapped in Vietnam. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1971.\r\n5. Barnet, Richard. Roots of War. New York: Atheneum, 1972.\r\n6. Bull, Daniel. The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties. New York: Free Press, 1962.\r\n7. Blechman, Barry M. and Stephen S. Kaplan. Force without War. Washington, D.C.: the Brookings Institution, 1978.\r\n8. Brown, Stuart Gerry. The American Presidency: Leadership. Partisanship, and Popularity. New York: Macmillan, 1966.\r\n9. Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society. New York: Columbia\r\nUniversity Press, 1977.\r\n10. Cable, James. Gunboat Diplomacy: Political Applications of Limited Naval Force. New York: Praeger, 1971.\r\n11. Chopra, Pran. India`s Second Liberation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1974.\r\n12. Cohen, Bernard C. The Public`s Impact on Foreign Policy. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1973.\r\n13. Cooper, Chester. The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam. New York: Dodd Mead, 1970.\r\n14. Crabb, Cecil V. Jr. Bipartisan Foreign Policy: Myth or Reality?\r\nNew York: Harper & Row, 1957.\r\n15. _____ American Foreign Policy in the Nuclear Age. New York: Harper & Row, 1983.\r\n16. Crabb, Cecil V. Jr. and Pat M. Halt, Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President and Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1980.\r\n17. Dickson, Paul. Think Tanks. New York: Atheneum, 1971.\r\n18. Dommen, Arthur. Conflict in Laos: The Politics of Neutralization. New York: Praeger, 1964.\r\n19. Draper, Theodore. Abuse of Power. New York: Viking Press, 1967.\r\n20. Edwards, George C. Presidential Influence in Congress. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1980.\r\n21. Ellsberg, Daniel. Papers on the War. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972.\r\n22. Fenno, Richard F. Jr. Congressmen in Committees. Boston: Little Brown, 1973.\r\n23. Frank, Thomas M. and Edward Weisband. Foreign Policy by Congress. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.\r\n24. Fulbright. J. William. The Arrogance of Power. New York: Random House Vintage, 1967.\r\n25. The Crippled Giant: American Foreign Policy and its Domestic Consequences. New York: Random House, 1972.\r\n26. Gaddis, John. The U.S. and the Origius of the Cold War, 1941-47. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.\r\n27. Gallup, George, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1972-77. Vol.1. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1978.\r\n28. Gelb, Leslie and Richard Betts. The Irony of Vietnam: the System Worked. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1979.\r\n29. George, Alexander et al. The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy: Laos, Cuba, Vietnam. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.\r\n30. George, Alexander and Richard Smoke. Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.\r\n31. Halberstam, David. The Best and the Brightest. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Crest, 1972; New York: Random House, 1972.\r\n32. _____ The Making of a Quaqmire. New York: Random House, 1965.\r\n33. Halperin, Morton. Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1974.\r\n34. Hilsman, Roger. To Move A Nation: The politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy. New York: Doubleday, 1967.\r\n35. H?ffmann, Stanley. Primacy or World Order-American Foreign Policy Since the Cold War. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.\r\n36. _____ Dead Ends-American Foreign Policy in the New Cold War. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1983.\r\n37. Holt, Pat. The War Powers Resolution: the Role of Congress in U.S. Armed Intervention. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Rearch, 1968.\r\n38. Holsti, ole R. and James N. Rosenau. American Leadership in World Affairs-Vietnam and the breakdown of Consensus. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1984.\r\n39. Huntington, Samuel. Political Order in Changing Societios. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968.\r\n40. Jackson, Robert. South Asia Crisis: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. New York: Praeger, 1975.\r\n41. Jervis. Robert. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princet on N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976.\r\n42. Jones, Alan M. ed. U.S. Foreign Policy in A Changing World. New York: David Mckay, 1973.\r\n43. Johnson, Chalmers. Revolutionary Change. Boston: Little, Brown, 1966.\r\n44. Kattenburg, Paul M. The Vietnam Trauma in American Foreign Policy, 1945-75. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1982.\r\n45. Kinnard, Douglas. The War Managers. Hannover. N. H.: University Press of New England, 1977.\r\n46. Kissinger, Henry. A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace. 1812–22. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1964.\r\n47. _____ White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979.\r\n48. Kreml, William P. The Auti-Authoritarian Personality, Oxford: Pergammon Press, 1977.\r\n49. Lake, Anthony, ed. The Vietnam Legacy: The War, American Society, and the Future of American Foreign Policy. New York: New York University Press, 1976.\r\n50. Lewy, Guenter. American in Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.\r\n51. Lerche, Charles O. The Uncertain South: Its Changing Patterns of Politics in Foreign Policy. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964.\r\n52. Lord, Donald. John F. Kennedy: The Politics of Confrontation and Conciliation. New York: Barron`s Educational Series, 1977.\r\n53. Lovell, James P. Foreign Policy in Perspective: Strategy, Adaption, Decision Making. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1970.\r\n54. May, Ernest. Lessons of the Past: the Use and Misuse of History in American Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.\r\n55. Maybeu, David R. Congress: the Electoral Imperative. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1974.\r\n56. Morgenthan, Hans. A New Foreign Policy for the United States. New York: Praeger, 1969.\r\n57. _____ Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Knopf. 1967.\r\n58. Nixon, Richard. The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978.\r\n59. _____ No More Vietnam. New York: Arbor House, 1985.\r\n60. Northedge, F.S. ed. The Use of Force in International Relations. New York: The Free Press, 1974.\r\n61. Olson, William C., et al., eds. The Theory and Practice of International Relations. Englewood Cliffs: Prentico-Hall, Inc. 1983. \r\n62. Osgood, Robert E. et al. Retreat from Empire: The first Nixon Administration. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.\r\n63. Oye, Kenneth A., et al., eds. Eagle Entangled: U.S. Foreign Policy in a Complex World. New York: Longman 1979.\r\n64. Paster, Robert A. Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, 1929-76. Berkeley CA.: University of California Press, 1980.\r\n65. Rosenan, James N. ed. International Politics and Foreign Policy. New York: The Free Press, 1969.\r\n66. Rummel. R.J. Understanding Conflict and War. 4th Vol. Bererly Hills: SAGE Publications, 1979.\r\n67. Russett, Bruce M. No Clear and Present Danger. New York: Harper & Row. 1972.\r\n68. Shaplen, Robert. The Lost Revolution. New York: Harper and Row, 1955.\r\n69. Singer J. David. ed. Quantitative International Politics: Insight and Evidence. New York: the Free Press, 1968.\r\n70. Spanier, John. Games Nations Play 3rd ed. New York: Praeger, 1973.\r\n71. Szule, Tad. Illusion of Peace: Foreign Policy in the Nixon Year, New York: Viking Press, 1978.\r\n72. Wildavsky. Aaron, ed. The Presidency. Boston: Little, Brown, 1969.\r\n73. Wolfers. Arnold. Discord and Collaboration. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1962.\r\nArticles\r\n1. Anderson, William D. and Sterling J. Kernek. \"How Realistic is Reagan`s Diplomacy?\" Political Science Quarterly 100 (Fall 1985): 389-409.\r\n2. Bundy, William P. \"Who lost patagonia?: Foreign Policy in the 1980 Compaign.\" Foreign Affairs 58 (Fall 1979): 1-27.\r\n3. Garfinki, Adam M. \"U.S. Decision Making in the Jordan Crisis: Correcting the Record.\" Political Science Quarterly 100 (Spring 1985): 117–138.\r\n4. Gray. Colin S. \"There is no choice.\" Foreign Policy 24 (Fall 1976): 114-27.\r\n5. Kennan, George F. \"Morality and Foreign Policy.\" Foreign Affairs 64 (Winter 1985/86): 205-18.\r\n6. Motley, James B. \"Grenada: Low-Intensity Conflict and the Use of U.S. Military Power.\" World Affairs 146 (Winter 1983/ 84): 222-240.\r\n7. Northedge F.S. \"Britain As A Second-Rank Power.\" International Affairs 56 (April 1978): 528–43.\r\n8. Russett, Bruce M. \"The Calculus of Deterreuce.\" Journal of Conflict Resolution 7 (June 1963): 97-109.\r\n9. Singer. J. David. \"Inter-Nation influence: A Formal Model.\" American Political Science Review 57 (June 1963): 420-30.\r\n10. Ullman, Richard H. \"Human Rights and the Economics Power: the United States versus Idi Amin.\" Foreign Affairs 56 (April 1978): 528–43.\r\n11. Kattenburg, Paul M. \"Reflections on Vietnam: of Revisionism and Lessons yet to be Learned.\" Parameters, Autum 1984.\r\n12. Shultz, George. \"The Meanning of Vietnam.\" Current Policy, No. 694, May 17, 1985.\r\n13. Summors, Harry, Jr. \"Defense without purpose.\" Society, Vol. 21, No. 1. November/December, 1983.\r\n14. \"Public favors Action on Iran.\" The Christian Science Moniter. April 21, 1980.\r\n15. Kissinger, Henry A. “Vietnam: A Noble Goal but a Flawed Strategy.\" International Herald Tribune. April 8, 1985.\r\n16. “U.S. Affairs: Ford’s Rescue Operation.” Newsweek, May 26, 1975.\r\n17. \"The War of the Poplar Tree.\" Newsweek. August 30, 1976.\r\n18. \"Lessons from a Lost War.\" Time, April 15, 1985.\r\n19. \"A Determined But Risky Show of Force.\" Time. May 26, 1975.\r\n20. \"Sudden Death at check point Tree.\" Time, August 30, 1976.\r\n21. \"Rescue that failed by sethack for U.S.\" U.S. News and World Report. May 5, 1980.\r\n22. \"Is U.S. Navy Big Enough for its World wide job?” U.S. News and World Report. May 26, 1975. | zh_TW |
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