Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/94956| 題名: | 2000-2007美國布希政府對印尼外交政策：同盟的關係? The Bush Administration’s Foreign Policy toward Indonesia, 2000-2007: An Alliance Relationship? |
作者: | 吳宗翰 Wu, Tsung Han |
貢獻者: | 黃奎博 Huang, Kwei Bo 吳宗翰 Wu, Tsung Han |
關鍵詞: | 同盟理論 威脅平衡 反恐 人權 軍事合作 美國 印尼 the alliance theory balance of threat anti-terror human rights military cooperation the United States Indonesia |
日期: | 2008 | 上傳時間: | 9-May-2016 | 摘要: | 冷戰時期，蘇哈托所統治的印尼雖然標榜著不結盟運動，試圖在東西兩強的夾擊下另闢蹊徑。但是在同樣反對共產主義的主張下，印尼在這段時期，和美國建立起了相當友好的關係，包括軍事和經濟上的援助。在一個近年來已解密的文件中更顯示，福特總統以及季辛吉更曾經和蘇哈托有過正式及非正式的接觸，被認為是美國希望以對印尼軍政府的支持，換取其在反共同盟上的支持。\r\n 九十年代之後，印尼政府在人權問題上的處理失當，多次導致美國政府的不滿，進而暫停或取消對印尼的援助。在此事件上，美國國會更採取強硬的立場，要求美國政府必須更仔細而審慎的評估，對印尼的人權表現，是否有明顯的改善。\r\n 2001年的九一一事件，代表著美國政府外交政策的巨大改變，在對印尼的外交政策上也出現了明顯的變化。印尼為世界上最大的回教國家，其本身對美國較溫和的立場，使得美國政府在宣揚其反恐理念上，需要印尼的協助。而印尼本身與日俱增的戰略地位，如控制麻六甲海峽，龐大資源，以及在東南亞國協中的大國地位等，使美國政府不得不重新審視其對印尼的外交政策。\r\n 本論文主要在探討布希政府在九一一事變後，對印尼外交政策的特點，以及是否和過去出現不同之處。論文組織分為三個主要部分，分別為反恐、人權以及軍事合作。在理論架構方面，本論文借助Steven M. Walt(沃爾特)的同盟理論，希望能釐清兩國在反恐合作方面，是否已具備了同盟的性質。而其他同盟理論的重要內涵，如威脅平衡、意識型態、援助、滲透等，皆會被用來加強本文的論述。\r\n 研究發現，在沃爾特的同盟理論架構下，美國和印尼在反恐合作上，的確出現了有如同盟的密切關係。雖然彼此間不存在約束的同盟條約，然而，就同盟的實質而言，恢復的軍事關係和密切的反恐合作等，皆是同盟的重要指標。研究並發現，威脅平衡理論的確較合理的詮釋了美印兩國因反恐而強化的關係。而意識型態、援助和滲透等，對同盟的組成皆有一定程度的影響，但非強大的因素。 During the Cold War, Indonesia was noted for its leadership in the Non-Alignment Movement, which distinguished itself from the two-polar world. However, the Suharto government had in fact built an amicable relationship with the U.S. under the flag of anti-communism. \r\n In the 1990s, due to the notorious human rights records, the U.S. had moved to cancel or suspend military and economic aid to Indonesia. The Congress and Senate of the U.S. took a hard-line stance in dealing with these problems.\r\n The 9/11 event marked a significant change in the U.S. foreign policy. As the biggest Muslim country in the world, Indonesia’s comparably moderate nature gains its importance for America in promoting anti-terror in Muslim world. Also, the growing strategic status, like the location in the Malacca Straits, vast resources and key status in ASEAN, necessitates the U.S. to reconsider its policy toward Indonesia. \r\n The thesis is primarily dedicated to analyze the Bush Administration’s foreign policy toward Indonesia after the 9/11 event. There are three main pillars in the thesis—anti-terror, human rights and military cooperation. Steven M. Walt’s famous Alliance Theory contributes the analytic framework to this thesis. Also, some other arguments of alliance theory like balance of threat, ideology, foreign aid and penetration will be utilized to deepen the analysis of this thesis. \r\n Under Walt’s alliance theory, in spite of the fact that there is no concrete alliance binding between these two countries, the resumed military relationship, and close anti-terror cooperation are all noted indicators that shows the U.S. and Indonesia act as alliance partners. This thesis also demonstrates that the balance of threat theory is a better analytic framework to explain the relationship between the U.S. and Indonesia. Ideology, foreign aid and penetration in this case surely affects the formation of alliance, however, they are not causes of it as Walt concludes. |
參考文獻: | A. Chinese language literature\r\n\r\n于鐵軍。〈國際政治中的同盟理論：進展與爭論〉。北京大學國際關係學院，博士論文，1990年8月17日。\r\n王高成。〈九一一事件後美國的外交政策與亞太安全〉，國家安全與軍事戰略國際學術研討會。國防大學主辦，民國91年11月。\r\n王高成。〈從小布希東亞行看美亞太戰略〉。《遠景季刊》，3卷3期。民國91年7月，頁75-101。\r\n王宿農。〈美國對中華民國軍備轉移之研究〉。國立政大外交研究所，碩士論文，民國93年1月。\r\n王聯合。〈論美國新保守主義及其外交影響〉。《現代國際關係》，第4期，2003年，頁35-41。\r\n李文志。《後冷戰時代美國的亞太戰略》。台北：憬藝，民國86年2月。\r\n李國雄。〈柯林頓政府與美國對東南亞政策〉。《美歐月刊》，第11卷第12期。1996年12月，頁31-43。\r\n周煦。《冷戰後美國的東亞政策》。台北：生智，民國88年2月。\r\n周禮順。〈東南亞區域安全之研究〉。國立政大外交研究所，碩士論文，民國93年1月。\r\n杭廷頓（Samuel P. Huntington）。《文明衝突與世界秩序的重建》（The Clash of Civilizations and The Remaking of World Order），黃裕美譯。台北：聯經，民國86年9月。\r\n林正義。〈亞太安全保障的新體系〉。《問題與研究》，35卷12期。民國85年12月，頁1-18。\r\n林郁方。〈柯林頓政府的亞太戰略〉。《美國月刊》，9卷1期。民國83年1月，頁40-51。\r\n林泰和。〈從台海危機及美日安保體制談國際關係理論的安全困境〉，二○○四年學術研討會論文集。德華台灣學術學會主辦，民國93年4月。\r\n林碧炤。《國際政治與外交政策》。台北：五南，民國86年4月。\r\n林錦福。〈美國布希政府亞太戰略轉變之研究〉。國立政大外交研究所，碩士論文，民國93年2月。\r\n法茲科拉夫(Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr.)、度格提(James E. Dougherty)。《國際關係理論導讀》(Contending Thedries of International Relatirns)，胡祖慶譯。台北：五南，民國82年。\r\n威廉．柯恩（William Cohen）。〈美國東亞暨太平洋地區安全戰略報告〉，收錄《亞太安全譯文彙輯》，史編局譯。台北：國防部史編局，民國88年7月。\r\n秦亞青。〈多邊主義研究：理論與方法〉。《國際政治》，2002年1月，頁35-40。\r\n張如海。〈美國全球戰略的新重點〉。《當代月刊》。1994年8月，頁66-69。\r\n郭天勇。〈從權力平衡論台海安全問題〉。國立政大外交研究所，碩士論文，民國92年1月。\r\n陳一新。〈從聯盟理論看亞太新安全體系〉。《美國月刊》，6卷6期。民國80年6月，頁50-57。\r\n陳文賢。〈從權力平衡的觀點看亞太安全〉。《問題與研究》，37卷3期。民國87年3月，頁19-34。\r\n陳佩修。〈911事件後美國國土安全任務與反恐聯盟建構：兼論對東南亞安全情勢的影響〉。《全球政治評論》，第5期，2001年1月，頁93-115。\r\n陳欣之。《東南亞安全》。台北：生智，民國88年10月。\r\n陳鴻瑜。《東南亞各國的政治與外交政策》。台北：渤海堂文化公司， 1992年。\r\n童光復。〈美日軍事同盟與台海安全〉，《戰略安全論壇》。民國91年10月，頁131-135。\r\n楊永明。〈美國亞太安全戰略之理論分析〉。《美歐季刊》，12卷3期。民國86年秋季號，頁35-71。\r\n劉復國。〈九一一週年後國際戰略環境及區域安全〉。《戰略安全論壇》。民國91年10月，頁137-138。\r\n蔡百銓譯（Dewi Fortuna Anwar）。1998。印尼與東南亞國協：外交政策與區域主義。台北：編譯館。\r\n鄭端耀。〈布希政府安全戰略發展評析〉。《遠景季刊》，第4卷，第2期，2003年4月，頁1-37。\r\n蘇紫雲。〈美國亞太戰略的現況與展望〉。《問題與研究》，34卷7期。民國84年7月，頁24-34。\r\n顧長永。2002。印尼：政治經濟與社會。高雄：復興文化出版社。\r\n\r\nB. English language literature\r\n\r\nU.S. Official Releases\r\n\r\nChanlett-Avery, Emma, Manyin, Mark, Cronin, Richard Niksch, Larry and Vaughn, Bruce. “Terrorism in Southeast Asia,” CRS Report for Congress, August 13, 2004.\r\nCole, Adam R. “CTF 76 completes Cobra Gold 06,” News Article Archive, U.S. Navy, Commander, Seven Fleet, May 30, 2006.\r\nLarson, Melinda. “U.S., Indonesian Navies Share Maritime Security Skills,” U.S. Navy, July 29, 2005.\r\nMasters, Edward. “Report of the National Commission on U.S.-Indonesian Relations, “the National Bureau of Asian Research, 2003. \r\nStatement of Admiral Dennis C. Blair, U.S. Navy, Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific \r\nVaughn, Bruce. “Indonesia: Domestic Politics, Strategic Dynamics, and American interests,” CRS Report for Congress, May 20, 2005.\r\n\r\n“2006 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices,” Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, the U.S Department of State, March 6, 2007.\r\n“Background Note: Indonesia,” Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S Department of State, \r\nMarch 2008. \r\n“FY2006 Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations,” U.S. Department of State, Released February 15, 2005. \r\n“Indonesia: Tsunami Reconstruction,” USAID, May 11, 2005, [http://usaid.gov]\r\n“Joint Statement between the United Stats of America and the Republic of Indonesia,” the White House, October 22, 2003. \r\n“National Security Strategy of the United States of America,” U.S. White House, Released March, 2006.\r\n“United States Cooperation with Southeast Asia,” U.S. Department of State, September 7, 2007, http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/fs2007/91854.htm\r\n“United States Engagement with ASEAN, 1977-2007, Thirty Years of Friendship and Cooperation,“ U.S. Department of States and the United States Agency of International Development, 2007. \r\n\r\nBooks and Reviews\r\n\r\nAlexander, DeConde, Richard Dean Burns and Fredrik Logevall, eds., Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy. New York : Scribner, 2002.\r\nBerrigan, Frida. ” Indonesia`s Arms Appetite,” East Timor and Indonesia Action Network, February 27, 2008. \r\nBresnan, John. “The United Sates, the IMF, and the Indonesian Financial Crisis,” in Adam Schwarz and Jonathan Paris eds., The Politics of Post Suharto Indonesia. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1999.\r\nCronin, Richard P.. “The Second Bush Administration and Southeast Asia,” the Henry L. Stimson Center, July 2007, http://www.stimson.org/southeastasia/pdf/Bush-SEA_KF_Cronin_17July2007.pdf\r\nDobbins, James. “Bush Needs Allies Near Iraq, However Unsavory,” Financial Times, November 1, 2005. \r\nCombs, Jerald A.. American Diplomatic History: Two Centuries of Changing Interpretations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.\r\nEmmers, Ralf. “The Influence of the Balance of Power Factor within the ASEAN Regional Forum,” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 23,no.2, 2001, pp.278-279.\r\nFarsetta, Diane. “USAID in Indonesia: Expecting Waves of Gratitude,” PR Watch, December 20, 2005. \r\nFeffer, John ed. Power Trip: U.S. Unilateralism and Global Strategy after September 11. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003.\r\nFriend, Theodor. “The Largest Direct Presidential Election in World History: Gen. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Prevails in Indonesia,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, September 27, 2004. \r\nHaseman, John. “Indonesia: A Difficult Transition to Democracy,” in David Wiencek and Ted Carpenter eds. Asian Security Handbook, 3rd ed. Terrorism and New Security Environment, (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. forthcoming 2004).\r\n____________. “U.S.-Indonesia Military to Military Relations,” Asia Pacific Defense Reporter, November 2002. \r\nHastedt, Glen P.. American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, Future. New Jersey: Person Education, 2003.\r\nHolland, Jesse J.. “US Congress Holds Back Indonesia Military Aid,” East Timor and Indonesian Action Network (ETAN), May 19, 2002. \r\nHoward, Peter. “Realism vs. Idealism in US Foreign Policy,” The Duck of Minerva, September 19, 2007. \r\nKaplan, David. “U.S. News and World Report,” April, 2005. \r\nKennedy, Paul M.. “The First World War and the International Power System,” International Security, 9, no. 1(1984); and The Rise and Fall of British Naval Master (London, 1983), pp.309-315. \r\nKeohane, Robert O..” Alliances, Threats, and the Uses of Neorealism,” International Security, Vol.13,no.1（Summer 1988）.\r\nLiska, George F.. Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962.\r\nLobe, Jim. “U.S. Suspends Military Ties with Indonesia,” Asia Times, September 11, 1999. \r\n________. “US Senate blocks Indonesia military aid,” Asia Times, October 31, 2003. \r\nMalone, David M. and Khong, Yuen Foong eds., Unilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003\r\nMandelbaum, Michael. “The Nuclear revolution: International Politics before and after Hiroshima” (New York: Cambridge University Press: 1981), chap.6. \r\nMarquand, Robert. “Pacific rim leaders seize new excuse for cooperation,” Christian Science Monitor, October 22, 2001.\r\nMcCawley, Tom. “Indonesia’s terrorist hunt bears fruit,” Christian Science Monitor, June 15, 2007. \r\nMontlake, Simon. “Indonesia’ President Backs US. Does her Country?” Christian Science Monitor, September 28, 2001.\r\nMorgenthau, Hans J.. “Alliance in Theory and Practice,” in Arnold Wolfers ed., Alliance policy in the Cold War (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1959) , pp.184-212.\r\n_________________. Politics among Nations, 4th ed. (New York, 1967)\r\nMyerscough, Rhea. “Putting the Cart before the Horse: United States resumes military assistance to Indonesia,” Center for Defense Information, May 2006. \r\nNakashima, Ellen and Sipress, Alan. “Al Qaeda Linked to Blast by Official,” Washington Post, March 25, 2004.\r\nNakashima, Ellen. “Indonesian Militants’ Keep Regenerating’” Washington Post, March 25, 2004.\r\nNeuman, Scott. “Longtime Indonesian Strongman Suharto Dies at 86,” NPR World News, January 28, 2008. \r\nPaddock, Richard. “Indonesia Presses U.S. to Stop Bombing Asia,” Los Angels Times, November 2, 2001. \r\nPatrick, Callahan. Logics of American Foreign Policy: Theories of America’s World Role. New York: Pearson Education, 2004.\r\nPatrick, Stewart and Forman, Shepard eds. Multilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: Ambivalent Engagement. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.\r\nPerlez, Jane. “Bush Seeks to Heal Long Indonesia Rift,” The New York Times, February 8, 2005.\r\nPermal, Sumathy. “US-Indonesia Military Ties: An Observation,” Centre for Maritime Security & Diplomacy, MIMA, January 24, 2006. \r\nPowell, Sian. “Xanana and SBY Let Shame Fly Slide,” The Australian, February 18, 2006. \r\nRabasa , Angel, “U.S. Wants Closer Ties with KL, Jakarta,” Straits Times (Singapore), May 4, 2002.\r\nRabasa, Angel and Haseman, John, The Military and Democracy in Indonesia: Challenges, Politics, and Power (Santa Monica: RAND Corp. 2002).\r\nRichardson, J.J. “Strange Bedfellows: US Aid for Indonesia,” Mother Jones News, August 26, 1999.\r\nRilker, William H.. The Theory of Politcal Coalition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962.\r\nRothestein, Robert L.. Alliances and Small Powers (New York, 1968). \r\nScheiner, Charles. “Guns know No Border,” East Timor Action Network, July 17, 2001. \r\nShorrock, Tim. ”Critics on warpath against US military aid to Jakarta,”Asia Times, July 25, 2002. \r\nSimon, Sheldon W.. “U.S.-Southeast Asia Relations: Military Relations Restored with Indonesia, while U.S. passes on the First East Asia Summit,” Comparative Connections, 2007.\r\nSnyder, Glenn H.. Alliance Politics.(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997), pp.250-252.\r\n______________. Alliances in a Multipolar International System(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), pp.3-5. \r\n______________. The Security Dilemma in Alliance Policies, pp. 466-467 and p.494.\r\nSukma, Rizal. “The Military and Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia,” in Thang Nguyen and Frank Jurgen Richter, eds., Indonesia Matters: Diversity, Unity, and Stability in Fragile Times (Singapore: Times Media Private Ltd. 2003).\r\nThe 9/11 Commission Report. \r\nThe ASEAN official homepage, http://www.aseansec.org/6614.htm \r\nThe Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2002.\r\nWalt, Stephen M.. “Beyond bin Laden: Reshaping U.S. Foreign Policy.” International Security, vol.26, no. 3, Winter 2001/2002, pp.56-78.\r\n______________. ” Testing Theories of Alliance Formation: The Case of Southwest Asia,” International Organization, Vol.43, No.2（Spring 1988）, pp.275-316.\r\n______________. The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987)\r\nWittkopf, Eugene R. and McCormick, James M. eds., The Domestic Source of American Foreign Policy. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2004.\r\nWolfers, Arnold. Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International politics (Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins Press), pp.182-183. \r\n“Al-Qaida Planned Indonesia Attack,” Associated Press, January 23, 2002. This report cites Indonesian military sources and western intelligence sources that the Indonesian army committed at least $9.3 million to finance Laskar Jihad.\r\n“Developing Countries Warned Against WTO-Plus Issues and Rules in FTAs,” Third World Network \r\n“Fighting Terrorism Top U.S. Goal,” State Department Press Release, March 2, 2004. \r\n“Four-nation Anti-piracy patrols in the Straits of Malacca,” The Star Online, September 8, 2005.\r\n“Govt Must Be Constantly Reminded to Solve Munir Case,” LKBN Antara, December 16, 2004. \r\n“Guide to U.S. Security Assistance to Indonesia and East Timor,” East Timor & Indonesia Action Work (ETAN), November, 2007.\r\n“Indonesia Backgounder: How the Jemaah Islamiyah Terrorist Group Operates,” International Crisis Group, December 21, 2002. \r\n“Indonesia Gets U.S. Aid Against Terror,” BBC News, August 2, 2002.\r\n“Indonesia Seeks to Clear General of Timor Crimes.” New York Times, June 9, 2003.\r\n“Indonesia urges Iraq exit plan,” Aljazeera English News, November 21, 2006. \r\n“Indonesia,” Asia Society, [http://www.asiasource.org]. \r\n“Indonesia: International Relations,” The Economic Intelligence Unit, May 17, 2005. \r\n“Indonesian Police, Demonstrators Clash in Papua Province,” Oster Dow Jones, May 10.\r\n“Indonesian Supreme Court Upholds Acquittals in East Timor Rights Cases.” Agence \r\n“International users of Malacca Straits urged to help boost security,” The Earth Times, September 4, 2007. \r\n“Polling on Indonesia,” International Republican Institute, March, 2003. \r\n“Rand Annual Report 2002”, National Security Research Division, Rand, 2002. \r\n “Rights Groups Blast Plans for Expanded U.S. Military Cooperation with Indonesia,” Associated Press, February 28, 2006. \r\n“The 9/11 Commission Report- Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States”, (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004), p.559, note 75; Douglas Feith, “A War Plan that Cast a Wide Net,” Washington Post, August 7, 2004. \r\n“The Question of U.S. Military Assistance for Indonesia,” East Timor & Indonesia Action Work (ETAN), June, 2005. \r\n“The State of U.S.-ASEAN Relations,” East-West Center, http://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/the-state-of-us-asean-relations/\r\n“U.S. Determined to Restore Ties with Indonesian Military, Naval Chief,” Associated Press Newswire, May 6, 2005. \r\n“US Determined to Restore Ties with Indonesian Military, Naval Chief,” Associated Press Newswire, May 6, 2005.\r\n“US sees Indonesia, Vietnam as strategic allies in SE Asia,” East Timor and Indonesia Network, May 3, 2005.\r\n“US to Devote $907 million to Tsunami Reconstruction” US Fed News, May 18, 2005.\r\n“When Jacob Rumbiak was 11,” Port Philip Leader, April 4, 2005. \r\n“World Report 2007,” Human Rights Watch, 2007. \r\n2005.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWebsites\r\n\r\n美國白宮 http://www.whitehouse.gov/\r\n美國國防部http://www.dtic.mil/\r\n美國國務院 http://www.state.gov/\r\n美國國會圖書館 http://www.loc.gov/\r\n聯合知識庫http://www.udndata,com\r\n蘭德公司http://www.rand.org/publications/electronic/index.html\r\n布魯金斯研究所 http://www.brookings.edu/default.htm\r\nCongressional Research Service Reports http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/index.html | 描述: | 碩士 國立政治大學 外交學系 95253019 |
資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095253019 | 資料類型: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | 學位論文 |
Files in This Item:
| File | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|
| index.html | 115 B | HTML2 | View/Open |
Google ScholarTM
Check
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.