論「依法治國」下的中共對台政策─反分裂國家法之探討

Abstract

中共自1949年10月1日建立政權之後，即由毛澤東依循蘇聯法制，建構中共的社會主義法制，然因文化大革命而毀壞，直至鄧小平上台後，在「一手抓建設，一手抓法制」的情形下，重新建立社會主義法制；其後江澤民再提出「依法治國，建設社會主義法治國家」的宣示，使「依法治國」成為中共重要施政方向，除了強化立法、行政、司法的功能外，黨的領導及宣傳亦在推動「依法治國」上扮演著重要的角色，而中共「依法治國」的核心價值則在於依憲治國。\n依循中共憲法的發展，可以看出中共對台政策始終維持「一個中國」原則，至於其手段則由於由「武力解放」、「和平解放」、「和平統一、一國兩制」到「反獨促統」，且於1978年憲法中，首先將台灣地位明定於憲法之中，1982年的憲法更明確規定「台灣是中華人民共和國的神聖領土的一部分。完成統一祖國的大業是包括台灣同胞在內的全中國人民的神聖職責」並明定「特別行政區」，以推動「一國兩制」。\n胡錦濤主政時期，在「依法治國」的要求下，為實踐憲法規定，於2005年3月14日第十屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過「反分裂國家法」，將中共對台政策以法律明確加以規定，除再次宣示「一個中國」、「和平統一」、「一國兩制」等政策外，更明確規定要促進兩岸交流，推動兩岸協商，積極拉攏台灣民心，以達到和平統一的目的；另對於台獨活動，則將採行非和平方式處理。然該法在立法程序及用語，或限制政府權力及保障人民權利的面向上，均有欠周妥，與「依法治國」理念，尚有一段距離。\n中共就「反分裂國家法」的實踐上，可分為對台、對內及國際三方面，在對台部分，維持「軟硬兩手」策略，一方面積極促進兩岸交流、推動兩岸協商，另一方面對於採行非和平方式預作準備；在對內部分，則以拉攏台商並進行宣傳及完備相關法制；國際部分，則持續打壓台灣的國際社會空間，另宣導該法為維護和平的法律，面對中共以黨的領導、武裝鬥爭及統一戰線模式實踐該法，台灣應如何因應及作為，值得加以深思。

Established in October 1, 1949, the People’s Republic of China constructed its socialistic legal system based on the Soviet legal system by Mao Zedong. However, the system then collapsed because of the Great Cultural Revolution and was not fully recovered until Deng Xiaoping came into power and reconstructed the socialist legal system with his “Stress the construction in one, stress the legal system in the other” policy. After that, Jiang Zemin proposed his “Rule the nation legally and construct a socialism country under the rule of the law” policy and made it an important guideline for the PRC government to “rule the nation legally”. In addition to strengthen the function of legislation, administration and judicature, the propagation and guidance of the party also play an important role in promoting the “rule the nation legally” policy, and the main thought of the policy is to govern the country in accordance of the constitution.\nWhen studying the development of the constitution of the PRC, it is easy to see that the policy against Taiwan is to maintain the “one China” principle, and the methods to do so includes “liberation through military force”, “peaceful liberation”, “peaceful unification and one country, two systems”, “against independency and promote unification”. In 1978, the status of Taiwan was first mentioned in the constitution of the PRC, and in the 1982 version of the constitution, Taiwan was clearly classified as “part of the great territory of People’s Republic of China”, “it is an honorable duty for all people in China, including people in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of unifying the home country” and stipulated Taiwan as a “special administrative region” to impel “one country, two systems” policy.\nAs Hu Jintao came into power, under the principle of “rule the nation legally”, the “Anti-secession Law” was approved in the third conference of the tenth session of National People’s Congress in order to fulfill the regulation of the constitution. The policy against Taiwan was clearly regulated by this law. Aside from declaring once again the “one China”, “peaceful unification”, “one country, two system” policies, this law indicated that efforts must be made to promote cross-straight communications and to win over sentiment of Taiwan people positively, hoping to achieve the goal of “peaceful unification”. On the other hand, unpeaceful methods shall be taken against Taiwan independence activity. However, the Anti-secession Law was not properly set up when it came to legislation procedure, limiting government power and protecting people’s rights and still far, far away from the goal of “rule the nation legally”.\nTo put the “Anti-secession Law” into practice, PRC government put it in three phases, the phase regarding Taiwan, the phase regarding the nation and the international phase. In the Taiwan part, PRC government remains the “soft and hard” strategy, promoting cross-straight communications in one hand, and preparing for unpeaceful methods in the other. In the part regarding the nation, efforts have been made to make up to Taiwanese businessmen and to promote related laws. As for the international part, Taiwan’s international space is still suppressed. PRC government also announces that the Anti-secession Law is a law for the maintenance of peace. It is worth thinking how Taiwan government should react and respond upon facing the threat generated by PRC government putting the law into practice by the guidance of the party, by military force and by united front patterns.