Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/95329| 題名: | 委外代工、國際分工對貿易傳遞效果及母國工資不均度之影響 The Impact of Outsourcing and International Fragmentation on Trade Transmission and Wage Inequality |
作者: | 林晉勗 Lin, Jin-Xu |
貢獻者: | 林師模<br>翁永和 Lin, Shih-Mo<br>Weng, Yung-ho 林晉勗 Lin, Jin-Xu |
關鍵詞: | 能源 原物料 區域間投入產出價格模型 亞洲多國投入產出表 委外代工 外人直接投資 工資不均度 energy raw material inter-regional input-output price model Asian International Input-Output Table outsourcing foreign direct investment wage inequality |
日期: | 2009 | 上傳時間: | 9-May-2016 | 摘要: | 本文內容包含三個主題相近的議題，首先我們探討在貿易互動的情況下，國際能源價格衝擊所帶來的跨國衝擊效果，接著根據多個年度的資料，延用第一個議題的模型分析跨國衝掔效果的演變，以及這樣的演變與貿易趨勢之間的關係，最後則探討委外代工的貿易活動對經濟體系勞動市場的影響，企圖尋找台灣近年工資不均度逐漸下降的原因。\r\n由第一個議題的分析結果可以發現，若要有效降低原物料價格上漲所帶來的衝擊，可從國內高耗能的產業 (如石油煉製品業) 著手，藉由技術移轉、跨國產業合作或研發投入等方式提升耗能產業的技術，改善生產結構；此外，藉由分散進口來源，可以有效降低進口拉動的物價上漲；最後，在國際能源價格上漲時，公用事業部門的價格管制，可以有效控制物價上漲，尤其對於天然資源缺乏的國家效果較為顯著，且愈多國家採行價格管制策略時，對降低物價衝擊的效果愈好。。\r\n由第二個議題的分析可得知，各國的個別產業在三個不同的年度受到相同衝擊時，當產業的中間投入裡，能源及石油煉製品的占比愈高，則價格衝擊反應便愈大，這樣的影響效果主要反應了直接效果。若仔細檢視國內的各產業委外代工活動對價格衝擊效果的影響，則可以發現在產業別資料時，兩者間的關係並不明顯，但若將分析層級提高到整體國家的話，便可以發現委外代工比例或是國際專業分工程度愈高的國家，其受到的物價衝擊似乎稍微較低，而此一部份則是反應了跨國貿易傳遞效果。\r\n最後，由第三個分析議題可以發現，台灣過去25年來技能與非技能勞工的工資差距逐漸拉近，這樣的趨勢與近年文獻所觀察的結果有明顯的不同，仔細檢視其中的端倪，我們可以發現台灣工資不均度雖然與相對勞動雇用仍為正相關，但工資不均度卻受到委外代工與對外直接投資負向的影響，其中，僅電子電機及機械類別的委外代工對工資不均度具有影響顯著，但民生工業及重工業類別卻不顯著，這樣的結果與近年台灣電子業發展的模式有關，雖然此產業委外生產比例日益攀升，但隨著台灣電子業在全球舉足輕重的地位，產值逐年大幅成長，雖然其中零組件愈來愈多仰賴委由開發中國家生產，但於台灣進行組裝仍需大量非技能勞工，因此委外生產將使工資不均度的情形減緩。另外，從資料中也發現，近年台灣日益減緩的工資不均度情形，主要是由於相對勞動供給的增量大於相對勞動需求所致。 This thesis contents three approximate subjects for discussion. First of all, we confer the interaction of trades when the rise of international raw material price influences multinational; according to the data taken from many years, we employed the model of the first subject to analyze the development of inter-regional impact, its effect and also the relationship between the development and the trade tendency. Lastly, the influence of outsourcing towards the labor market in the economy will be discussed, in order to search for the reason, which is responsible for the chronicle decrease of wage inequality.\r\nThe result of the first discussion shows us, to slow down the price impact which is caused by the rise of the raw material, we can undertake national companies with high energy consumption industries (e.g. petrochemical industry); on these excuses: Technique shifting, international industrial cooperation or investment of researches and so on, the technology of high energy consuming industries could be promoted to improve the production structure. Further than that, dispersing import resources could efficiently reduce the price increase caused by import. The price control at public utility could bridle price rise effectively, when international energy price is arising. This is especially obvious in countries with lack of natural resource, not forget to mention the more nations introduce price control tactic, the better it is to reduce the price impact.\r\nBy the analysis of the second discussion, it is said when each country in each industry at three different years experienced the same impact, the higher the industrial’s usage of energy and petro-products for intermediate inputs, the strong is the reaction of price impact and this influence mainly responded to the direct effect. If we examine the relationship between price impact and proportion of outsourcing, we could notice that the relationship is not very conspicuous in industrial level data. But if we move the analyze level higher to the whole nation, we could discover that the higher the percentage of outsourcing is, the lower is the resulted price impact. And this is because of the transmission effect of the international trade.\r\nLast but not least, the third discussion let us know, that in the past 25 years in Taiwan, the wage inequality of high skill and low skill labor was reducing chronically. Such a trend is clearly different from the result which is shown in the recently studies. Even the wage inequality is positive proportioned with the relative labor employed, but it has been negatively influenced by outsourcing and outward direct investments. The negative relationship counts to the most outstanding in electronics and electrical machinery industries, but civil industry and heavy metal industry is not much remarkable. This result is related to the expand model of Taiwan in the recent years. Although, the percentage of outsourcing grows day by day, but with the importance of Taiwan’s electronics industry, the production arises substantially annually, even though more and more of its components is sourcing from development countries, but we still need many non-skilled personnel to fabricate those in Taiwan. That’s why outsourcing will decrease the wage inequality. Further than that, the recent wage inequality decrease in Taiwan is mainly effected by the surplus of relative labor supply. |
參考文獻: | 于宗先、許志義、周濟、柏雲昌、趙志凌、王塗發、林師模、徐世勳、朱婉君、徐倩蘭、楊浩彥、黃玉娟 (1994)，台灣地區能源價格變動對整體經濟影響之研究，台北：經濟部能源委員會。\r\n中華經濟研究院 (2004)，國際油價變動對台灣經濟影響之投入產出分析，行政院經濟建設委員會委託計畫報告。\r\n王欣怡 (2005)，不完全競爭市場結構下原油價格衝擊傳遞效果之一般均衡分析，中原大學國際貿易系碩士論文。\r\n朱雲鵬、吳進泰 (2000)，知識經濟時代的傳統產業提升，載於高希鈞、李誠 (主編)，知識經濟之路，台北市：天下文化。\r\n吳博欽、黃慈嫺 (2004)，台灣對大陸直接投資與代工生產對總要素生產力與要素報酬的影響，第五屆全國實證經濟學論文研討會。\r\n林淑菁 (2004)，油價變動的波及效果：台灣產業關聯表的實証分析，世新大學經濟系碩士論文。\r\n宮澤健一 (1995)，產業關聯分析入門，日經文庫，東京：日本經濟新聞社。\r\n梁啟源 (2005)，「油價上漲對台灣經濟之影響」，台灣經濟金融月刊，41(11)，頁1-11。\r\n許瓊瑤 (2006)，對外直接投資對工資不均等的影響：台灣製造業之實證分析，國立政治大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。\r\n陳正杰 (1992)，臺灣電子零組件進出口問題與解決對策，國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文。\r\n陳谷汎 (2005)，油品市場自由化與國際油價變動對台灣之經濟影響：考慮規模經濟與非完全競爭的一般均衡分析，中央大學產業經濟所碩士論文。\r\n陳禮潭 (2002)，最低工資制定對工資結構變遷之影響－台灣實證研究，經濟論文叢刊，30(3)，383-420。\r\n黃宗煌、陳谷汎、林師模 (2005)，「國際油價上漲的經濟影響評估」，經濟論衡，4(6)，頁1-46。\r\n劉乃瑜 (2006)，外來投資對工資不均等的影響：以台灣製造業為例，國立政治大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。\r\n蘇儀品 (2004)，對中國大陸直接投資與台灣工資差異，淡江大學產業經濟系碩士論文。\r\nAhn, S., K. Fukao, and K. Ito (2008), “Outsourcing in East Asia and its impact on the Japanese and Korean Labour Markets,” OECD Trade Policy Working Papers, No. 65.\r\nAllen, R. C. (2001), “The Great Divergence in Europena Wages and Price from the Middle Ages to the First World War,” Explorations in Economic History, 38, 411-447.\r\nBardhan, A., and C. Kroll (2003), “The New Wave of Outsourcing,” Research report, Fisher Center for real Estate and Urban Economics, University of California, Berkeley, Fall 2003.\r\nBazzazan, F. and P. Batley (2003), “The Development and Empirical Testing of Extended Input-Output Price Models,” Economic Systems Research, 15(1), 69-86.\r\nBerman, E., J. Bound and Z. Griliches (1994), “Changes in the Demand for Skill Labor with U.S. Manufacturing Industries: Evidence from the Annual Survey of Manufactures,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 367-397.\r\nBorjas, G. J., and V. A. Ramey (1995), “Foreign Competition, Market Power, and Wage Inequality,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, CX, 1079-1110.\r\nBound, J., and G. Johnson (1992), “Changes in the Structure of Wage in the 1980s: An Evaluation of Alternative Explanations,” American Economic Review, 82(3), 371-392.\r\nBouwmeester, M. C. and J. Oosterhaven (2008), “International Fragmentation, Specialization and Comparative Advantage: An Asian-Pacific Input-Output Approach,” Paper presented at the 2008 International Input-Output Conference, Seville, Spain.\r\nBulmer-Thomas, V. (1982), Input-Output Analysis in Developing Countries: Sources, Methods and Applications, New York: Wiley.\r\nCampa, J. and L. S. Goldberg (1997), “The evolving external orientation of manufacturing industries: Evidence from four countries,” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 3, 53-81.\r\nChan, Vei-Lin, Lii-tan Chen, and Sheng-Cheng Hu (1999), “Implications of Technology and Education for Wage Dispersion: Evidence from Taiwan,” in Gustav Ranis, Sheng-cheng Hu, and Yun-Peng Chu (eds.), The Economics and Policical Economy of Taiwan’s Development into the 21st Century, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 247-284.\r\nChaudhuri, K. (2001),\"Long-Run Prices of Primary Commodities and Oil Prices,\" Applied Economics, 33, 531-538.\r\nChen, Been-lon and Mei Hsu (2001), “Time-Series Wage Differential in Taiwan: The Role of International Trade,” Review of Development Economics, 5(2), 336-354.\r\nCheung, K. Y. and C. S. Fan (2002), “Does Trade Lead to Wage Inequality –A Cross-Industry Analysis,” Journal of Asia Pacific Economy, 7(2), 147-159.\r\nChou, Ji, Nai-Fong Kuo, Su-Ling Peng, and Jin-Duan Lai (2005), “Impacts of Oil Price Changes on Taiwan’s Economy - An Input-Output Study,” 28th Annual IAEE International Conference, 3-6 June, Taipei, Taiwan.\r\nEastwood, R. K. (1992), “Macroeconomic Impacts of Energy Shocks,” Oxford Economic Papers, 44, 403-425.\r\nEzaki, M. (1995), “Growth and Structural in Asian Countries,” Asian Economic Journal, 9, 113-135.\r\nFalk, M. and B. M. Koebel (2001), “A Dynamic Heterogeneous Labour Demand Model for German Manufacturing,” Applied Economics, 33, 339-348.\r\nFeenstra, R. C. (2004), Advanced International Trade: Theory and Evidence, Princeton University Press.\r\nFeenstra, R. C. and G. H. Hanson (1996), “Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality,” American Economic Review, 86, 240-245.\r\nFeenstra, R. C. and G. H. Hanson (1997), “Foreign Drect Ivestment and Rlative Wges: Eidence from Mexico’s Mquiladoras,” Journal of International Economics, 42, 371-393.\r\nFeenstra, R. C. and G. H. Hanson (1999), “The Impact of Outsourcing and High-technology Capital on Wages: Estimates for the United States, 1979-1990,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 907-941.\r\nHaskel, J. (1999) “Small Firms, Contracting-out, Computers and Wage Inequality: Evidence from UK Manufacturing,” Economica, 66, 1-21.\r\nHummels, D., D. Rapoport and K. Yi (1998), “Vertical Specialization and the Changing Nature of World Trade,” FRBNY Economic Policy Review, 79-99.\r\nHummels, D., J. Ishii and Kei-Mu Yi (2001), “The Nature and Growth of Vertical Specialization in World Trade,” Journal of International Economics, 54(1), 75-96.\r\nInstitute of Developing Economies (2006), Asian International Input-Output Table, IDE, Japan.\r\nIsard, W. (1951), “Interregional and Regional Input-Output Analysis: A Model of a Space Economy,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 33, 318-328.\r\nKatz, L. F., and K. M. Murphy (1992), “Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, CVII, 35-78.\r\nKatz, L. F., GG. Blanchflower (1995), “A comparision of Changes in the Structure of Wages in four OECD Countries,” in Richard Freeman and Lawrence Katz (eds.), Difference and Changes in Wage Structures, National Bureau of Economic Research Comparative Labor Market Series, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\r\nKim, Dae il and Robert H. Topel (1995), “Labor Markets and Economic Growth: Lessons from Korea’s Industrialization, 1970-1990,” in Richard Freeman and Lawrence Katz (eds.), Difference and Changes in Wage Structures, National Bureau of Economic Research Comparative Labor Market Series, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\r\nKrugman, P. and R. Lawrence (1993), “Trade, Jobs and Wages,” NBER Working Papers, 4478, 31-62.\r\nKwan, C. H. (1994). Economic interdependence in the Asia-Pacific region. London: Routledg.\r\nLeamer, E. E. (1994), “Trade, Wages and Revolving Door Ideas,” NBER working paper no. 4716.\r\nLilley, A. (2000), Paths to economic recovery: The role of the US, China, Japan, and Taiwan, Taipei: Chung-Hua Institute on Economic Research.\r\nLinden, G., J. Hart, S. A. Lenway, and T. P. Murtha (1998), “Flying-Geese as Moving Target: Are Korea and Taiwan Catching Up with Japan in Advanced Display,” Industry and Innovation, 5, 11-34.\r\nLispsey, R. E., E. Ramstetter, and M. Blomström (2000), “Outward FDI and Home Country Exports: Japan, The United States, and Sweden,” SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance No. 369.\r\nLiu, B. J., A. Y. Lu and A. C. Tung (2004), “Manufacturing Firms’ Outsourcing Behavior and Its Determinants—The Case of Taiwan,” presented in the 85th EAAE Seminar (Florence, Italy),\r\nMariotti, S., M. Mutinellit and L. Piscitello (2003), \"Home Country Employment and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from the Italian Case,” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 27 (3), 419-431.\r\nMathews, J. A. (1995), High-technology industrialization in East Asia: The case of the semiconductor industry in Taiwan and Korea, Taipei: Chung-Hua Institute on Economic Research.\r\nMiller, R. E. and P. D. Blair (1985), Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.\r\nMinondo, A. and G. Rubert (2006), “The Effect of Outsourcing on The Demand for Skills in The Spanish Manufacturing Industry,” Applied Economics Letters, 13, 599-604.\r\nMundell, R. (1957), “International Trade and Factor Mobility,” American Economic Review, 47, 321-335.\r\nSachs, J. D. and H. J. Shatz (1994), “Trade and Jobs in US Manufacturing,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Macroeconomic 1, 1-69.\r\nSeguino, S. (2000), “The Effects of Structural Change and Economic Liberalisation on Gender Wage Differentials in South Korea and Taiwan,” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(4), 437-459.\r\nShrestha, N. and Y. Hasebe (2006), “An Input-Output Analysis of Economic Integration in East Asia,” Center for International Trade Studies Working Paper, No. 2006-02.\r\nStolper, W. F., and P. A. Samuelson (1941), “Protection and Real Wage,” Review of Economic Studies, 9, 58-73.\r\nWong, J. (2001). The ASEAN economies, present crisis, and future prospects. Singapore: National University of Singapore.\r\nWood, A. (1995), “How Trade Hurt Unskilled Workers,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9, 57-80.\r\nWooldridge, J. M. (2002), Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, London, England: MIT press.\r\nYeats, A. J. (1998), “Just How Big Is Global Production Sharing,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 1871.\r\nStrauss-Kahn, V. (2004), “The Role of Globalization and the Within-Industry Shift Away from Unskilled Workers in France,” in Robert E. Baldwin and L. Allan Winters (eds), Challenges to Globalization, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. | 描述: | 博士 國立政治大學 經濟學系 91258503 |
資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0912585031 | 資料類型: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | 學位論文 |
Files in This Item:
| File | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|
| index.html | 115 B | HTML2 | View/Open |
Google ScholarTM
Check
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.