俄國女性革命家 維拉‧沙蘇里契及其政治思想轉換

Abstract

本文題目為「俄國女性革命家 維拉‧沙蘇里契及其政治思想轉換」，專述沙蘇里契的生平要事與其思想轉換過程。好比她在勞動解放社和俄國社會民主黨在十九世紀末的紛爭，另外在火星報時期列寧和普列漢諾夫之間的紛爭中也可以看出沙蘇里契的樞紐角色。在幾乎二十五年的時間裡，在反政府恐怖主義運動中，她不得已地刺殺了德列波夫之後，她便拋棄了恐怖暴力革命之思想，並在土地與自由社的分裂當中，吸引一些追隨者隨她加入黑土重分社，同樣地她在一八八三年更有助於發掘第一個俄國馬克思主義社會，如此一來，永久地分裂了民粹主義，長久以來換得了一個激進的社會主義觀點。一度在一九○三年，沙蘇里契扮演一個在孟什維克派與布爾什維克派的分裂中重要的角色。\r\n 不難發現其所每次之轉變，她好爭論的工作之進程也在這些分裂之中，近三十多年的著作，她的影響確實在社會主義的世界裡，令人深切的感受到。\r\n 本文目的主要在於分析三個問題：\r\n 一、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契其先後思想更迭之因素；\r\n 二、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契和列寧之關係轉換與俄國政治型態更替之關係；\r\n 三、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契晚期思想分析。\r\n 綜上所述，第一章將以序論為楔子，敘述研究動機、文獻探討、研究目的、研究限制、研究架構。第二章則題為沙蘇里契革命思想之形成，也就是與涅查耶夫相識的形成期。\r\n 第三章則題為從民粹主義至馬克思主義的思想轉換，也就是銜接沙蘇里契的自我形成與之參與民粹派活動。第四章則題為馬克思主義中的維拉‧沙蘇里契，此段時期為她一生中革命事業與地位之最高峰。第五章題為一九○九年至一九一四年的取消派與維拉‧沙蘇里契。第六章題為十月革命以後的維拉‧沙蘇里契，此時已然為沙蘇里契在政治舞台上最後一段時期。第七章為結論部分，主要呈現研究目的與研究結果相互回應下所產生的維拉‧沙蘇里契之思想原貌與轉變原因，並利用垂直分析，來使讀者清晰本論文之目的與結論，更進一步回應本文之研究目的。

The topic of this dissertation is “ The Russian female revolutionist- the life of Vera Zasulich and her transformation of political conviction.” The focus of this research is her life and the transformation process of her political conviction. For example, her role in the Liberation of Labour, Social Democratic Labour Party, and her relationship with Plekhanov and Lenin.\r\n At first, the focus is an introductory part in a piece of this research. In the second chapter, touching upon her life, she was born into a poor family in 1849. Her father died when she was three years old and as her mother was unable to cope, she sent Vera to live with wealthy relatives in Biakolovo. When Zasulich finished her schooling she moved to St. Petersburg and found work as a clerk. She became involved in radical politics and met Sergi Nechayev, the co-author with Mikhail Bakunin of Catechism of a Revolutionist. Zasulich joined a weaving collective and became active in the movement to educate workers, conducting literacy classes for them in the evenings.\r\n In the third chapter, the focus is her transformation from a populist to a Marxist. In 1876, Zasulich found work as a typesetter for an illegal printing press. A member of the Land and Liberty group, when Zasulich heard that one of her fellow comrades, Alexei Bogoliubov, had been badly beaten in prison, she decided to seek revenge. Zasulich went to the local prison and shot Dmitry Trepov, the Governor General of St. Petersburg. She was arrested and charged with attempted murder. During the trial the defence produced evidence of such abuses by the police, and she conducted herself with such dignity, that the jury acquitted her. When the police tried to re-arrest her outside the court, the crowd intervened and allowed her to escape.\r\n In the fourth chapter, the focus is the role she played in the Marxist period. In 1883, Zasulich joined with George Plekhanov and Paul Axelrod to form the Liberation of Labour, the first Russian Marxist group. Later she moved to Switzerland where she became active in the Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) and served on the editorial board of Iskra.\r\n From the fifth to the seventh chapter, the key point is the latter part of her life. At the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Labour Party in London in 1903, there was a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Jules Martov, two of SDLP``s leaders. The last part, she returned to Russia during the 1905 Revolution but after its failure ceased to be active in politics. During the First World War Zasulich supported the war effort and opposed the Bolshevik Revolution. Vera Zasulich died in 1919.\r\n The objective of this research is to analyze three subjects:\r\n 1.The causes of her transformation in her political conviction.\r\n 2.The relationship between Zasulich and Lenin under changing of the Russian political form.\r\n 3.The thinking of the latter part of Zasulich``s life.