全觀型治理之研究

Abstract

全觀型治理是新一波的行政學說，該理論強調政府組織的整合關係，與電子化政府及主動型文官學說相結合下，成為具回應性與解決人民需求的治理學說。全觀型治理的奠基者－席克斯，在二○○○年後的相關著作中，屢屢提及新涂爾幹理論，著墨與闡釋組織多樣性問題，以及全觀型治理的組織社會學基礎。在全觀型治理運行過程中，協調是整合工作的第一步，而協調是個複雜的問題，與協調相關的概念，包括碎裂化政府與棘手問題，此三概念構成組織協調論題，是認識全觀型治理的重要基礎。新涂爾幹理論闡釋了協調論題的組織社會學基礎，其主張面對多元與複雜的組織關係，依據化異與求同兩原則，有容忍性制度、分立、互賴與妥協四種基本協調之法及解決之道，這體現協調工作必須採取多樣的方式。協調之法的多樣化，實與涂爾幹所述現代社會的分工特質有關，身處全球化、後現代及風險社會的今日，社會分工與分化的強度甚於過去，我們更應重視協調的意義與方式。而全觀型治理援用新涂爾幹理論及組織社會學分析，為當代行政學與社會學對話的代表之一，讓行政發展能因應社會的變遷與需求，此一研究途徑對現今公共行政學研究來說，實有深刻的啟發意義。

Holistic governance is a new theory in contemporary public administration studies. This theory stressess the integrated governmental organizations, when conjoining with theories of e-government and active bureaucracy, holistic governance would be the theory of responding and solving citizens’ needs. Perri 6, the founder of holistic governance, in his works after 2000 A.D., often mentioned the neo-Durkheimian theory, emphasized the complexity and plurality of organizations, and the foundations of sociology of organizations. In the working process of holistic governance, coordination is the first step toward integration. Coordination is a complex problem, other concepts relating to coordination, “fragmented government” and “wicked problems”, they compose the “interorganizational coordination thesis” which is the cornerstone for understanding holistic governance. The neo-Durkheimian theory discusses the interorganizational coordination thesis of the sociology of organizations. According to the principles of reducing dissimilarity and producing internal similarity drawn from the neo-Durkheimian theory, Dr. 6 puts forward four fundamental settlements for coordination: toleration of a specific set of institution, separation, mutual dependency and compromise. This reflects coordination requires various ways. The various ways of coordination are related with the characteristic of modern society, the characteristic which Emile Durkheim called the division of labor. In the age of globalization, postmodern and risky society, the intensity of division of labor and social differentiation is higher than ever. Facing the plural organizational types and complex interorganizational relations in contemporary society, we should put more emphasis on the coordination of organizations. The neo-Durkheimian theory and sociology of organizations as the analyzing tools of holistic governance that represents the interdisciplinary work between public administration and sociology, it makes the development of public administration well responding to the social transition and needs. And the enlightenment of the research approach of holistic governance is significant to the public administration studies today.